tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29549053488352422282024-03-13T04:48:00.583-07:00Ghost around the world | Hantu keliling DuniaIn traditional belief and fiction, a ghost is the soul or spirit of a dead person or animal that can appear, in visible form or other manifestation, to the living.
In here, you all can see another species and varian ghost in the world. :Dmusaboudiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13477206910109338234noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2954905348835242228.post-23931495251329975932014-05-10T22:54:00.000-07:002014-05-10T22:54:07.834-07:00Ghost<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span dir="auto"></span></h1>
<table cellspacing="3" class="infobox" style="border-spacing: 3px; width: 22em;"><caption></caption>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hammersmith_Ghost.PNG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2132" data-file-width="1278" height="367" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Hammersmith_Ghost.PNG/220px-Hammersmith_Ghost.PNG" width="220" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hammersmith_Ghost.PNG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Engraving of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_Ghost" title="Hammersmith Ghost">Hammersmith Ghost</a> in <i>Kirby's Wonderful and Scientific Museum</i>, a magazine published in 1804<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kirby_1-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-Kirby-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></div>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Grouping</th>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Legendary creature</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Sub grouping</th>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Similar creatures</th>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenant" title="Revenant">Revenant</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Region</th>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Americas" title="The Americas">The Americas</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks collapsible collapsed" id="collapsibleTable0" style="background: #f9f9f9; border-spacing: 0.4em 0; border: 1px solid #aaa; clear: right; float: right; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0 0 1.0em 1.0em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; width: 22.0em;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th class="" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; border: 1px solid #ccc; font-size: 100%; font-size: 145%; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#" id="collapseButton0">show</a>]</span>Part of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Paranormal" title="Category:Paranormal">series of articles</a> on the <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a></b></th>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
In traditional belief and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a>, a <b>ghost</b> (sometimes known as a <b>spectre</b> (British English) or <b>specter</b> (American English), <b>phantom</b>, <b>apparition</b> or <b>spook</b>) is the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_%28spirit%29" title="Soul (spirit)">soul</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit" title="Spirit">spirit</a> of a dead person or animal that can appear, in visible form or other manifestation, to the living. Descriptions of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">apparition of ghosts</a>
vary widely from an invisible presence to translucent or barely visible
wispy shapes, to realistic, lifelike visions. The deliberate attempt to
contact the spirit of a deceased person is known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">necromancy</a>, or in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritism" title="Spiritism">spiritism</a> as a <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">séance</a></i>.<br />
The belief in manifestations of the spirits of the dead is widespread, dating back to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestor_worship" title="Ancestor worship">ancestor worship</a> in pre-literate cultures. Certain religious practices—funeral rites, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcisms</a>, and some practices of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualism" title="Spiritualism">spiritualism</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_magic" title="Ritual magic">ritual magic</a>—are
specifically designed to rest the spirits of the dead. Ghosts are
generally described as solitary essences that haunt particular <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations" title="List of reportedly haunted locations">locations</a>, objects, or people they were associated with in life, though stories of phantom armies, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_train_%28folklore%29" title="Ghost train (folklore)">ghost trains</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ghost_ships" title="List of ghost ships">phantom ships</a>, and even ghost <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> have also been recounted.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="toc" id="toc">
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>
Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Terminology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Terminology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Typology"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Typology</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Anthropological_context"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Anthropological context</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Ghosts_and_the_afterlife"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ghosts and the afterlife</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Fear_of_ghosts"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Fear of ghosts</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Common_attributes"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Common attributes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Locale"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Locale</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#History"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Ancient_Near_East_and_Egypt"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient Near East and Egypt</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Classical_Antiquity"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Classical Antiquity</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Archaic_and_Classical_Greece"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Archaic and Classical Greece</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Roman_Empire_and_Late_Antiquity"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Roman Empire and Late Antiquity</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Middle_Ages"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Middle Ages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#European_Renaissance_to_Romanticism"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">European Renaissance to Romanticism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Modern_period_of_western_culture"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Modern period of western culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Spiritualist_movement"><span class="tocnumber">3.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Spiritualist movement</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Spiritism"><span class="tocnumber">3.5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Spiritism</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Scientific_view"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Scientific view</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#By_religion"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">By religion</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Jud.C3.A6o-Christian"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Judæo-Christian</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Islam"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Islam</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Buddhism"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Buddhism</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#By_culture"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">By culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#African_folklore"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">African folklore</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#European_folklore"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">European folklore</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#South_and_Southeast_Asia"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">South and Southeast Asia</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#India"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">India</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Austronesia"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Austronesia</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#East_and_Central_Asia"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">East and Central Asia</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#China"><span class="tocnumber">5.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">China</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Japan"><span class="tocnumber">5.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Japan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Thailand"><span class="tocnumber">5.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Thailand</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Tibet"><span class="tocnumber">5.4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Tibet</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Americas"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Americas</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Mexico"><span class="tocnumber">5.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Mexico</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">5.5.2</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Depiction_in_the_arts"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Depiction in the arts</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Renaissance_to_Romanticism_.281500_to_1840.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Renaissance to Romanticism (1500 to 1840)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Victorian.2FEdwardian_.281840_to_1920.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Victorian/Edwardian (1840 to 1920)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Modern_Era_.281920_to_1970.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Modern Era (1920 to 1970)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Post-modern_.281970.E2.80.93present.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Post-modern (1970–present)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Metaphorical_usages"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Metaphorical usages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Terminology">Terminology</span></h2>
<div class="hatnote">
Further information: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit" title="Spirit">spirit</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_%28spirit%29" title="Soul (spirit)">soul (spirit)</a>, <a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anima" title="wikt:anima">wikt:anima</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_%28mythology%29" title="Genius (mythology)">genius (mythology)</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geist" title="Geist">Geist</a></div>
The English word <i><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ghost" title="wikt:ghost">ghost</a></i> continues <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gast#Old_English" title="wikt:gast">gást</a></i>, from a hypothetical <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Germanic" title="Common Germanic">Common Germanic</a> <i>*gaistaz</i>. It is common to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a>, but lacking in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic</a> (the equivalent word in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> is <i>ahma</i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> has <i>andi</i> m., <i>önd</i> f.). The pre-Germanic form was <i><span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="Proto-Indo-European language">*ghoisdo-s</span></i>, apparently from a root denoting "fury, anger" reflected in Old Norse <i>geisa</i> "to rage". The Germanic word is recorded as masculine only, but likely continues a neuter <i>s</i>-stem. The original meaning of the Germanic word would thus have been an animating principle of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>, in particular capable of excitation and fury (compare <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93%C3%B0r" title="Óðr">óðr</a></i>). In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a>, "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_Mercury" title="Germanic Mercury">Germanic Mercury</a>", and the later <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>, was at the same time the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductor_of_the_dead" title="Conductor of the dead">conductor of the dead</a> and the "lord of fury" leading the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a>.<br />
Besides denoting the human spirit or soul, both of the living and the
deceased, the Old English word is used as a synonym of Latin <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit" title="Spirit">spiritus</a></i>
also in the meaning of "breath" or "blast" from the earliest
attestations (9th century). It could also denote any good or evil
spirit, i.e. angels and demons; the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> gospel refers to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonic_possession" title="Demonic possession">demonic possession</a> of Matthew 12:43 as <i>se unclæna gast</i>. Also from the Old English period, the word could denote the spirit of God, viz. the "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Ghost" title="Holy Ghost">Holy Ghost</a>". The now prevailing sense of "the soul of a deceased person, spoken of as appearing in a visible form" only emerges in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>
(14th century). The modern noun does, however, retain a wider field of
application, extending on one hand to "soul", "spirit", "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vital_principle" title="Vital principle">vital principle</a>", "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>" or "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyche_%28psychology%29" title="Psyche (psychology)">psyche</a>",
the seat of feeling, thought and moral judgement; on the other hand
used figuratively of any shadowy outline, fuzzy or unsubstantial image,
in optics, photography and cinematography especially a flare, secondary
image or spurious signal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The synonym <i><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spook" title="wikt:spook">spook</a></i> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> loanword, akin to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> <i>spôk</i> (of uncertain etymology); it entered the English language via the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English" title="American English">United States</a> in the 19th century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Alternative words in modern usage include <i>spectre</i> (from Latin <i>spectrum</i>), the Scottish <i>wraith</i> (of obscure origin), <i>phantom</i> (via French ultimately from Greek <i><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phantasma_%28philosophy%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Phantasma (philosophy) (page does not exist)">phantasma</a></i>, compare <i><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fantasy" title="wikt:fantasy">fantasy</a></i>) and <i>apparition</i>. The term <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shade_%28mythology%29" title="Shade (mythology)">shade</a></i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">classical mythology</a> translates Greek σκιά,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> or Latin <i>umbra</i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> in reference to the notion of spirits in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Greek underworld</a>. "Haint" is a synonym for ghost used in regional English of the southern United States,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> and the "haint tale" is a common feature of southern oral and literary tradition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> The term <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltergeist" title="Poltergeist">poltergeist</a></i> is a German word, literally a "noisy ghost", for a spirit said to manifest itself by invisibly moving and influencing objects.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cohen1984_13-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-Cohen1984-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<i><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wraith" title="wikt:wraith">Wraith</a></i> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>
word for "ghost", "spectre" or "apparition". It came to be used in
Scottish Romanticist literature, and acquired the more general or
figurative sense of "portent" or "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omen" title="Omen">omen</a>".
In 18th- to 19th-century Scottish literature, it was also applied to
aquatic spirits. The word has no commonly accepted etymology; the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OED" title="OED">OED</a></i> notes "of obscure origin" only.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> An association with the verb <i><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/writhe" title="wikt:writhe">writhe</a></i> was the etymology favored by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> Tolkien's use of the word in the naming of the creatures known as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazg%C3%BBl" title="Nazgûl">Ringwraiths</a> has influenced later usage in fantasy literature. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogeyman" title="Bogeyman">Bogey</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> or <i><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bogie" title="wikt:bogie">bogy/bogie</a></i> is a term for a ghost, and appears in Scottish poet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mayne" title="John Mayne">John Mayne</a>'s <i>Hallowe'en</i> in 1780.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
A <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenant_%28folklore%29" title="Revenant (folklore)">revenant</a></i>
is a deceased person returning from the dead to haunt the living,
either as a disembodied ghost or alternatively as an animated ("<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">undead</a>") corpse. Also related is the concept of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch_%28folklore%29" title="Fetch (folklore)">fetch</a>, the visible ghost or spirit of a person yet alive.<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Typology">Typology</span></h2>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Anthropological_context">Anthropological context</span></h3>
<div class="hatnote">
Further information: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestor_worship" title="Ancestor worship">Ancestor worship</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_religion" title="Origin of religion">Origin of religion</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology of religion</a></div>
A notion of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence_%28religion%29" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendent</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numinous" title="Numinous">numinous</a>, usually involving entities like ghosts, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a>, is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">cultural universal</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> In pre-literate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religions</a>, these beliefs are often summarized under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestor_worship" title="Ancestor worship">ancestor worship</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EncyOccult_20-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-EncyOccult-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In many cultures malignant, restless ghosts are distinguished from the more benign spirits involved in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestor_worship" title="Ancestor worship">ancestor worship</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Ancestor worship typically involves rites intended to prevent <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenant_%28folklore%29" title="Revenant (folklore)">revenants</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengeful_spirit" title="Vengeful spirit">vengeful spirits</a> of the dead, imagined as starving and envious of the living. Strategies for preventing revenants may either include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifice</a>,
i.e., giving the dead food and drink to pacify them, or magical
banishment of the deceased to force them not to return. Ritual feeding
of the dead is performed in traditions like the Chinese <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">Ghost Festival</a> or the Western <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a>. Magical banishment of the dead is present in many of the world's <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial_custom" title="Burial custom">burial customs</a>. The bodies found in many <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumuli" title="Tumuli">tumuli</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">kurgan</a>) had been ritually bound before burial,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> and the custom of binding the dead persists, for example, in rural <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Nineteenth-century <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Frazer" title="James Frazer">James Frazer</a> stated in his classic work, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Bough" title="The Golden Bough">The Golden Bough</a></i>, that souls were seen as the creature within that animated the body.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GoldenBough_24-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-GoldenBough-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Ghosts_and_the_afterlife">Ghosts and the afterlife</span></h3>
<div class="hatnote">
Further information: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_%28spirit%29" title="Soul (spirit)">Soul (spirit)</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyche_%28psychology%29" title="Psyche (psychology)">Psyche (psychology)</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungry_ghost" title="Hungry ghost">Hungry ghost</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomp</a></div>
<div class="hatnote">
Further information: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">Ghost Festival</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Day of the Dead</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a></div>
Although the human soul was sometimes symbolically or literally
depicted in ancient cultures as a bird or other animal, it appears to
have been widely held that the soul was an exact reproduction of the
body in every feature, even down to clothing the person wore. This is
depicted in artwork from various ancient cultures, including such works
as the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Book_of_the_Dead" title="Egyptian Book of the Dead">Egyptian Book of the Dead</a></i>, which shows deceased people in the afterlife appearing much as they did before death, including the style of dress.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Fear_of_ghosts">Fear of ghosts</span></h3>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_ghosts" title="Fear of ghosts">Fear of ghosts</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 172px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suushi_Yurei.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="518" data-file-width="320" height="275" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Suushi_Yurei.jpg/170px-Suushi_Yurei.jpg" width="170" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suushi_Yurei.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABrei" title="Yūrei">Yūrei</a> (Japanese ghost) from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyakkai_Zukan" title="Hyakkai Zukan">Hyakkai Zukan</a>, ca. 1737</div>
</div>
</div>
While deceased ancestors are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">universally</a> regarded as venerable, and often imagined as having a continued presence in some sort of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>,
the spirit of a deceased person which remains present in the material
world (viz. a ghost) is regarded as an unnatural or undesirable state of
affairs and the idea of ghosts or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenant_%28folklore%29" title="Revenant (folklore)">revenants</a> is associated with a reaction of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a>. This is universally the case in pre-modern folk cultures, but fear of ghosts also remains an integral aspect of the modern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">ghost story</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_horror" title="Gothic horror">Gothic horror</a>, and other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror fiction</a> dealing with the supernatural.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Common_attributes">Common attributes</span></h3>
Another widespread belief concerning ghosts is that they are composed of a misty, airy, or subtle material. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropologists</a>
link this idea to early beliefs that ghosts were the person within the
person (the person's spirit), most noticeable in ancient cultures as a
person's breath, which upon exhaling in colder climates appears visibly
as a white mist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EncyOccult_20-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-EncyOccult-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> This belief may have also fostered the metaphorical meaning of "breath" in certain languages, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>spiritus</i> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneuma" title="Pneuma">pneuma</a></i>, which by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogy" title="Analogy">analogy</a> became extended to mean the soul. In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> is depicted as synthesising <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_%28Bible%29" title="Adam (Bible)">Adam</a>, as a living soul, from the dust of the Earth and the breath of God.<br />
In many traditional accounts, ghosts were often thought to be deceased people looking for vengeance (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengeful_ghost" title="Vengeful ghost">vengeful ghosts</a>),
or imprisoned on earth for bad things they did during life. The
appearance of a ghost has often been regarded as an omen or portent of
death. Seeing one's own ghostly double or "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger" title="Doppelgänger">fetch</a>" is a related omen of death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Lady_%28ghost%29" title="White Lady (ghost)">White ladies</a>
were reported to appear in many rural areas, and supposed to have died
tragically or suffered trauma in life. White Lady legends are found
around the world. Common to many of them is the theme of losing or being
betrayed by a husband or fiancé. They are often associated with an
individual family line or regarded as a harbinger of death similar to a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banshee" title="Banshee">banshee</a>.<br />
Legends of ghost ships have existed since the 18th century; most notable of these is the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Dutchman" title="Flying Dutchman">Flying Dutchman</a></i>. This theme has been used in literature in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner" title="The Rime of the Ancient Mariner">The Rime of the Ancient Mariner</a></i> by Coleridge.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Locale">Locale</span></h3>
<div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">
See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haunted_house" title="Haunted house">Haunted house</a></div>
A place where ghosts are reported is described as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations" title="List of reportedly haunted locations">haunted</a>, and often seen as being inhabited by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_%28spirit%29" title="Soul (spirit)">spirits</a>
of deceased who may have been former residents or were familiar with
the property. Supernatural activity inside homes is said to be mainly
associated with violent or tragic events in the building's past such as
murder, accidental death, or suicide — sometimes in the recent or
ancient past. But not all hauntings are at a place of a violent death,
or even on violent grounds. Many cultures and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religions</a> believe the essence of a being, such as the '<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_%28spirit%29" title="Soul (spirit)">soul</a>',
continues to exist. Some religious views argue that the 'spirits' of
those who have died have not 'passed over' and are trapped inside the
property where their memories and energy are strong.<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Ancient_Near_East_and_Egypt">Ancient Near East and Egypt</span></h3>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_in_Mesopotamian_religions" title="Ghosts in Mesopotamian religions">Ghosts in Mesopotamian religions</a></div>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_in_ancient_Egyptian_culture" title="Ghosts in ancient Egyptian culture">Ghosts in ancient Egyptian culture</a></div>
There are many references to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_in_Mesopotamian_religions" title="Ghosts in Mesopotamian religions">ghosts in Mesopotamian religions</a> – the religions of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> and other early states in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. Traces of these beliefs survive in the later <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamic_religion" title="Abrahamic religion">Abrahamic religions</a> that came to dominate the region.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup>
Ghosts were thought to be created at time of death, taking on the
memory and personality of the dead person. They traveled to the
netherworld, where they were assigned a position, and led an existence
similar in some ways to that of the living. Relatives of the dead were
expected to make offerings of food and drink to the dead to ease their
conditions. If they did not, the ghosts could inflict misfortune and
illness on the living. Traditional healing practices ascribed a variety
of illnesses to the action of ghosts, while others were caused by gods
or demons.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-black_27-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-black-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> contains few references to ghosts, associating spiritism with forbidden occult activities cf. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteronomy" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 18:11. The most notable reference is in the First <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Book of Samuel</a> (I Samuel 28:3–19 KJV), in which a disguised <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_the_King" title="Saul the King">King Saul</a> has the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_of_Endor" title="Witch of Endor">Witch of Endor</a> summon the spirit/ghost of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_%28biblical_figure%29" title="Samuel (biblical figure)">Samuel</a>.<br />
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 172px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Akh_glyph.svg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1000" height="170" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Akh_glyph.svg/170px-Akh_glyph.svg.png" width="170" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Akh_glyph.svg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Egyptian Akh glyph – The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_soul" title="Egyptian soul">soul</a> and spirit re-united after death</div>
</div>
</div>
There was widespread belief in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_in_ancient_Egyptian_culture" title="Ghosts in ancient Egyptian culture">ghosts in ancient Egyptian culture</a> in the sense of the continued existence of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_soul" title="Egyptian soul">soul</a>
and spirit after death, with the ability to assist or harm the living,
and the possibility of a second death. Over a period of more than 2,500
years, Egyptian beliefs about the nature of the afterlife evolved
constantly. Many of these beliefs were recorded in inscriptions, papyrus
scrolls and tomb paintings. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Book_of_the_Dead" title="Egyptian Book of the Dead">Egyptian Book of the Dead</a> compiles some of the beliefs from different periods of ancient Egyptian history.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup>
In modern times, the fanciful concept of a mummy coming back to life
and wreaking vengeance when disturbed has spawned a whole genre of
horror stories and films.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Vieira2003_29-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-Vieira2003-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Classical_Antiquity">Classical Antiquity</span></h3>
<div class="hatnote">
Further information: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shade_%28mythology%29" title="Shade (mythology)">Shade (mythology)</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_in_the_Greco-Roman_world" title="Magic in the Greco-Roman world">Magic in the Greco-Roman world</a></div>
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Archaic_and_Classical_Greece">Archaic and Classical Greece</span></h4>
Ghosts appeared in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>,
in which they were described as vanishing "as a vapor, gibbering and
whining into the earth". Homer’s ghosts had little interaction with the
world of the living. Periodically they were called upon to provide
advice or prophecy, but they do not appear to be particularly feared.
Ghosts in the classical world often appeared in the form of vapor or
smoke, but at other times they were described as being substantial,
appearing as they had been at the time of death, complete with the
wounds that killed them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
By the 5th century BC, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">classical Greek</a>
ghosts had become haunting, frightening creatures who could work to
either good or evil purposes. The spirit of the dead was believed to
hover near the resting place of the corpse, and cemeteries were places
the living avoided. The dead were to be ritually mourned through public
ceremony, sacrifice and libations, or they might return to haunt their
families. The ancient Greeks held annual feasts to honor and placate the
spirits of the dead, to which the family ghosts were invited, and after
which they were “firmly invited to leave until the same time next
year”.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The 5th-century BC play <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oresteia" title="Oresteia">Oresteia</a></i> contains one of the first ghosts to appear in a work of fiction.<br />
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Roman_Empire_and_Late_Antiquity">Roman Empire and Late Antiquity</span></h4>
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Romans</a>
believed a ghost could be used to exact revenge on an enemy by
scratching a curse on a piece of lead or pottery and placing it into a
grave.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, in the 1st century AD, described the haunting of the baths at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaeronea" title="Chaeronea">Chaeronea</a>
by the ghost of a murdered man. The ghost’s loud and frightful groans
caused the people of the town to seal up the doors of the building.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> Another celebrated account of a haunted house from the ancient classical world is given by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circa" title="Circa">c.</a> 50 AD).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> Pliny describes the haunting of a house in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> by a ghost bound in chains. The hauntings ceased when the ghost's shackled skeleton was unearthed, and given a proper reburial.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> The writers <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a> also wrote stories about haunted houses.<br />
In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> has to persuade the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" title="Twelve Apostles">Disciples</a> that he is not a ghost following the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a>
24:37–39 (some versions of the Bible, such as the KJV and NKJV, use the
term "spirit"). In a similar vein, Jesus' followers at first believe
him to be a ghost (spirit) when they see him <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_on_water" title="Walking on water">walking on water</a>.<br />
One of the first persons to express disbelief in ghosts was <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucian_of_Samosata" title="Lucian of Samosata">Lucian of Samosata</a> in the 2nd century AD. In his tale "The Doubter" (circa 150 AD) he relates how <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a> "the learned man from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdera,_Thrace" title="Abdera, Thrace">Abdera</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>" lived in a tomb outside the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_gate" title="City gate">city gates</a>
to prove that cemeteries were not haunted by the spirits of the
departed. Lucian relates how he persisted in his disbelief despite <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practical_joke" title="Practical joke">practical jokes</a> perpetrated by "some young men of Abdera" who dressed up in black robes with skull masks to frighten him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> This account by Lucian notes something about the popular classical expectation of how a ghost should look.<br />
In the 5th century AD, the Christian priest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_of_Lyon" title="Constantius of Lyon">Constantius of Lyon</a>
recorded an instance of the recurring theme of the improperly buried
dead who come back to haunt the living, and who can only cease their
haunting when their bones have been discovered and properly reburied.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</span></h3>
Ghosts reported in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval Europe</a>
tended to fall into two categories: the souls of the dead, or demons.
The souls of the dead returned for a specific purpose. Demonic ghosts
were those which existed only to torment or tempt the living. The living
could tell them apart by demanding their purpose in the name of Jesus
Christ. The soul of a dead person would divulge their mission, while a
demonic ghost would be banished at the sound of the Holy Name.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Most ghosts were souls assigned to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a>,
condemned for a specific period to atone for their transgressions in
life. Their penance was generally related to their sin. For example, the
ghost of a man who had been abusive to his servants was condemned to
tear off and swallow bits of his own tongue; the ghost of another man,
who had neglected to leave his cloak to the poor, was condemned to wear
the cloak, now "heavy as a church tower". These ghosts appeared to the
living to ask for prayers to end their suffering. Other dead souls
returned to urge the living to confess their sins before their own
deaths.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Medieval European ghosts were more substantial than ghosts described in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian age</a>,
and there are accounts of ghosts being wrestled with and physically
restrained until a priest could arrive to hear its confession. Some were
less solid, and could move through walls. Often they were described as
paler and sadder versions of the person they had been while alive, and
dressed in tattered gray rags. The vast majority of reported sightings
were male.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
There were some reported cases of ghostly armies, fighting battles at night in the forest, or in the remains of an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> hillfort, as at <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandlebury" title="Wandlebury">Wandlebury</a>,
near Cambridge, England. Living knights were sometimes challenged to
single combat by phantom knights, which vanished when defeated.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Finucanepg_41-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-Finucanepg-41"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
From the medieval period an apparition of a ghost is recorded from 1211, at the time of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gervase_of_Tilbury" title="Gervase of Tilbury">Gervase of Tilbury</a>, Marshal of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a>, wrote that the image of Guilhem, a boy recently murdered in the forest, appeared in his cousin's home in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaucaire,_Gard" title="Beaucaire, Gard">Beaucaire</a>, near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>.
This series of "visits" lasted all of the summer. Through his cousin,
who spoke for him, the boy allegedly held conversations with anyone who
wished, until the local priest requested to speak to the boy directly,
leading to an extended disquisition on theology. The boy narrated the
trauma of death and the unhappiness of his fellow souls in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a>, and reported that God was most pleased with the ongoing Crusade against the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathar" title="Cathar">Cathar</a>
heretics, launched three years earlier. The time of the Albigensian
Crusade in southern France was marked by intense and prolonged warfare,
this constant bloodshed and dislocation of populations being the context
for these reported visits by the murdered boy.<br />
Haunted houses are featured in the 9th-century <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">Arabian Nights</a></i> (such as the tale of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stories_within_One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="List of stories within One Thousand and One Nights">Ali the Cairene and the Haunted House in Baghdad</a></i>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="European_Renaissance_to_Romanticism">European Renaissance to Romanticism</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Fuseli_rendering_of_Hamlet_and_his_father%27s_Ghost.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1536" data-file-width="2024" height="167" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Henry_Fuseli_rendering_of_Hamlet_and_his_father%27s_Ghost.JPG/220px-Henry_Fuseli_rendering_of_Hamlet_and_his_father%27s_Ghost.JPG" width="220" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Fuseli_rendering_of_Hamlet_and_his_father%27s_Ghost.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
"<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a> and his father's ghost" by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Henry Fuseli</a> (1780s drawing). The ghost is wearing stylized <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_armor" title="Plate armor">plate armor</a> in 17th-century style, including a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morion_%28helmet%29" title="Morion (helmet)">morion</a> type helmet and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tassets" title="Tassets">tassets</a>. Depicting ghosts as wearing armor, to suggest a sense of antiquity, was common in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan_theater" title="Elizabethan theater">Elizabethan theater</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Renaissance magic</a> took a revived interest in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a>, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">necromancy</a>.
In the era of the Reformation and Counter Reformation, there was
frequently a backlash against unwholesome interest in the dark arts,
typified by writers such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Erastus" title="Thomas Erastus">Thomas Erastus</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> The Swiss Reformed pastor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Lavater" title="Ludwig Lavater">Ludwig Lavater</a> supplied one of the most frequently reprinted books of the period with his <i>Of Ghosts and Spirits Walking By Night.</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_ballad" title="Child ballad">Child ballad</a> "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_William%27s_Ghost" title="Sweet William's Ghost">Sweet William's Ghost</a>"
(1868) recounts the story of a ghost returning to his fiancée begging
her to free him from his promise to marry her. He cannot marry her
because he is dead but her refusal would mean his damnation. This
reflects a popular British belief that the dead haunted their lovers if
they took up with a new love without some formal release.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unquiet_Grave" title="The Unquiet Grave">The Unquiet Grave</a>"
expresses a belief even more widespread, found in various locations
over Europe: ghosts can stem from the excessive grief of the living,
whose mourning interferes with the dead's peaceful rest.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup>
In many folktales from around the world, the hero arranges for the
burial of a dead man. Soon after, he gains a companion who aids him and,
in the end, the hero's companion reveals that he is in fact the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grateful_dead_%28folklore%29" title="Grateful dead (folklore)">dead man</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-encybrit_48-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-encybrit-48"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> Instances of this include the Italian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a> "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Brow" title="Fair Brow">Fair Brow</a>" and the Swedish "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bird_%27Grip%27" title="The Bird 'Grip'">The Bird 'Grip'</a>".<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_period_of_western_culture">Modern period of western culture</span></h3>
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Spiritualist_movement">Spiritualist movement</span></h4>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 172px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spirit_rappings_coverpage_to_sheet_music_1853.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1648" data-file-width="1200" height="233" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Spirit_rappings_coverpage_to_sheet_music_1853.jpg/170px-Spirit_rappings_coverpage_to_sheet_music_1853.jpg" width="170" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spirit_rappings_coverpage_to_sheet_music_1853.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
By 1853, when the popular song <i>Spirit Rappings</i> was published, Spiritualism was an object of intense curiosity.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualism" title="Spiritualism">Spiritualism</a></div>
Spiritualism is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> belief system or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, postulating a belief in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, but with a distinguishing feature of belief that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit" title="Spirit">spirits</a> of the dead residing in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_world_%28Spiritualism%29" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">spirit world</a> can be contacted by "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">mediums</a>", who can then provide information about the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Carroll_49-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-Carroll-49"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Spiritualism developed in the United States and reached its peak
growth in membership from the 1840s to the 1920s, especially in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">English-language countries</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Braude_50-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-Braude-50"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Britten_51-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-Britten-51"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> By 1897, it was said to have more than eight million followers in the United States and Europe,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT_52-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-NYT-52"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup> mostly drawn from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper</a> classes, while the corresponding movement in continental Europe and Latin America is known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Spiritism">Spiritism</a>.<br />
The religion flourished for a half century without canonical texts or
formal organization, attaining cohesion by periodicals, tours by trance
lecturers, camp meetings, and the missionary activities of accomplished
mediums. Many prominent Spiritualists were women. Most followers
supported causes such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolition of slavery</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Braude_50-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-Braude-50"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup>
By the late 1880s, credibility of the informal movement weakened, due
to accusations of fraud among mediums, and formal Spiritualist
organizations began to appear.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Braude_50-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-Braude-50"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> Spiritualism is currently practiced primarily through various denominational <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualist_Church" title="Spiritualist Church">Spiritualist Churches</a> in the United States and United Kingdom.<br />
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Spiritism">Spiritism</span></h4>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritism" title="Spiritism">Spiritism</a></div>
Spiritism, or French spiritualism, is based on the five books of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritist_Codification" title="Spiritist Codification">Spiritist Codification</a> written by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> educator Hypolite Léon Denizard Rivail under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Kardec" title="Allan Kardec">Allan Kardec</a> reporting <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">séances</a> in which he observed a series of phenomena that he attributed to incorporeal intelligence (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit" title="Spirit">spirits</a>).
His assumption of spirit communication was validated by many
contemporaries, among them many scientists and philosophers who attended
séances and studied the phenomena. His work was later extended by
writers like <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Denis" title="Leon Denis">Leon Denis</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Flammarion" title="Camille Flammarion">Camille Flammarion</a>, Ernesto Bozzano, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_Xavier" title="Chico Xavier">Chico Xavier</a>, Divaldo Pereira Franco, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldo_Vieira&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Waldo Vieira (page does not exist)">Waldo Vieira</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Greber&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Johannes Greber (page does not exist)">Johannes Greber</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> and others.<br />
Spiritism has adherents in many countries throughout the world, including Spain, United States, Canada,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup>
Japan, Germany, France, England, Argentina, Portugal and especially
Brazil, which has the largest proportion and greatest number of
followers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Scientific_view">Scientific view</span></h3>
<div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">
See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></div>
The physician <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ferriar" title="John Ferriar">John Ferriar</a> wrote <i>An essay towards a theory of apparitions</i> in 1813 in which he argued that sightings of ghosts were the result of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_illusions" title="Optical illusions">optical illusions</a>. Later the French physician <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Bri%C3%A8re_de_Boismont" title="Alexandre Jacques François Brière de Boismont">Alexandre Jacques François Brière de Boismont</a> published <i>On Hallucinations: Or, the Rational History of Apparitions, Dreams, Ecstasy, Magnetism, and Somnambulism</i> in 1845 in which he claimed sightings of ghosts were the result of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinations" title="Hallucinations">hallucinations</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Joe Nickell</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a>, wrote that there was no credible <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">scientific evidence</a> that any location was inhabited by spirits of the dead.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup> Limitations of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">human perception</a> and ordinary physical explanations can account for ghost sightings; for example, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pressure" title="Air pressure">air pressure</a> changes in a home causing doors to slam, or lights from a passing car reflected through a window at night. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareidolia" title="Pareidolia">Pareidolia</a>,
an innate tendency to recognize patterns in random perceptions, is what
some skeptics believe causes people to believe that they have 'seen
ghosts'.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> Reports of ghosts "seen out of the corner of the eye" may be accounted for by the sensitivity of human <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_vision" title="Peripheral vision">peripheral vision</a>.
According to Nickell, peripheral vision can easily mislead, especially
late at night when the brain is tired and more likely to misinterpret
sights and sounds.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-visit_60-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-visit-60"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
According to research in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalistic_psychology" title="Anomalistic psychology">anomalistic psychology</a> visions of ghosts may arise from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnagogia" title="Hypnagogia">hypnagogic</a> hallucinations ("waking dreams" which are experienced in the transitional states to and from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">sleep</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-61"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> In a study of two experiments into alleged <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauntings" title="Hauntings">hauntings</a> (Wiseman <i>et al</i>.
2003) came to the conclusion "that people consistently report unusual
experiences in ‘haunted’ areas because of environmental factors, which
may differ across locations." Some of these factors included "the
variance of local magnetic fields, size of location and lighting level
stimuli of which witnesses may not be consciously aware".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Some researchers, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Persinger" title="Michael Persinger">Michael Persinger</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentian_University" title="Laurentian University">Laurentian University</a>, Canada, have speculated that changes in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic" title="Geomagnetic">geomagnetic</a> fields (created, e.g., by tectonic stresses in the Earth's crust or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_variation" title="Solar variation">solar activity</a>) could stimulate the brain's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal lobes</a> and produce many of the experiences associated with hauntings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup> Sound is thought to be another cause of supposed sightings. Richard Lord and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wiseman" title="Richard Wiseman">Richard Wiseman</a> have concluded that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">infrasound</a>
can cause humans to experience bizarre feelings in a room, such as
anxiety, extreme sorrow, a feeling of being watched, or even the chills.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sound_64-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-sound-64"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning#Haunted_houses" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">Carbon monoxide poisoning</a>, which can cause changes in perception of the visual and auditory systems,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid11410684_65-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-pmid11410684-65"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> was speculated upon as a possible explanation for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haunted_house" title="Haunted house">haunted houses</a> as early as 1921.<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="By_religion">By religion</span></h2>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Jud.C3.A6o-Christian">Judæo-Christian</span></h3>
<div class="hatnote boilerplate further">
Further information: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallowtide" title="Hallowtide">Hallowtide</a></div>
The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> contain a few references to ghosts, associating <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritism" title="Spiritism">spiritism</a> with forbidden <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> activities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-66"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup> The most notable reference is in the First <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Book of Samuel</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-67"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> in which a disguised <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_the_King" title="Saul the King">King Saul</a> has the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_of_Endor" title="Witch of Endor">Witch of Endor</a> summon the spirit/ghost of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>. In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> has to persuade the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" title="Twelve Apostles">Disciples</a> that He is not a ghost following the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a>
24:37–39 (some versions of the Bible, such as the KJV and NKJV, use the
term "spirit"). Similarly, Jesus' followers at first believe Him to be a
ghost (spirit) when they see him <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_on_water" title="Walking on water">walking on water</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Oxford_68-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-Oxford-68"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Most of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> considers ghosts as beings who while tied to earth, no longer live on the material plane.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Emissary_69-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-Emissary-69"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> Some <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_denominations" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a> teach that ghosts are beings who linger in an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_state" title="Intermediate state">interim state</a> before continuing their journey to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven#In_Christianity" title="Heaven">heaven</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Emissary_69-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-Emissary-69"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UMC_70-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-UMC-70"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Eleanor_Prosser_71-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-Eleanor_Prosser-71"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Paulist_Fathers_72-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-Paulist_Fathers-72"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup> On occasion, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> would allow the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible" title="Soul in the Bible">souls</a> in this state to return to earth to warn the living of the need for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">repentance</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-J.P._Somerville_73-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-J.P._Somerville-73"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> are taught that it is <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinful" title="Sinful">sinful</a> to attempt to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">conjure or control spirits</a> in accordance with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteronomy" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> XVIII: 9–12.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Eric_Stoutz_74-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-Eric_Stoutz-74"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Michele_Klein_75-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-Michele_Klein-75"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Some ghosts are actually said to be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">demons</a> in disguise,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ron_Rhodes_76-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-Ron_Rhodes-76"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup> who the Church teaches, in accordance with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Timothy" title="I Timothy">I Timothy</a> 4:1, that they "come to deceive people and draw them away from God and into bondage."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Spotlight_Ministries_77-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-Spotlight_Ministries-77"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup> As a result, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">attempts to contact the dead</a> may lead to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonic_possession" title="Demonic possession">unwanted contact</a> with a demon or an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unclean_spirit" title="Unclean spirit">unclean spirit</a>, as was said to occur in the case of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Mannheim" title="Robbie Mannheim">Robbie Mannheim</a>, a fourteen-year-old Maryland youth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sue_Lim_-_Contact_78-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-Sue_Lim_-_Contact-78"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup>
The Seventh-Day Adventist view is that a "soul" is not equivalent to
"spirit" or "ghost" (depending on the Bible version), and that save for
the Holy Spirit, all spirits/ghosts are demons in disguise. Furthermore,
they teach that in accordance with (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis" title="Genesis">Genesis</a> 2:7, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a>
12:7), there are only two components to a "soul", neither of which
survives death - with each returning to its respective source.<br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christadelphian" title="Christadelphian">Christadelphians</a> reject the view of a living, conscious soul after death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-79"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-80"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup>
tells of a being called a shade שד that is similar to other creatures
in that it lives and dies but consists only of a form but lacks matter
that forms mass, thus rendering it invisible. Since it has no physical
mass it is capable of transporting itself from one end of the world to
the other.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Islam">Islam</span></h3>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image">
<div style="width: 52px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg"><img alt="" data-file-height="204" data-file-width="262" height="39" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" /></a></div>
</td>
<td class="mbox-text"><span class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please help <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <small><i>(February 2014)</i></small></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
According to Islamic teachings, there are no such thing as ghosts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-81"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup> Muslims believe that 'Ghosts' are in fact <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinns</a>. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran" title="Koran">Koran</a> discusses spirits known as jinns.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jinn_82-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-Jinn-82"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Buddhism">Buddhism</span></h3>
In Buddhism, there are a number of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_%28esotericism%29" title="Plane (esotericism)">planes</a> of existence into which a person can be <a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reborn" title="wikt:reborn">reborn</a>, one of which is the realm of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">hungry ghosts</a>.<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="By_culture">By culture</span></h2>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="African_folklore">African folklore</span></h3>
The Humr people of Sudan consume the drink Umm Nyolokh; which is
created from the liver and marrow of giraffes. Umm Nyolokh often
contains DMT and other psychoactive substances from plants the giraffes
eat such as Acacia; and is known to cause hallucinations of giraffes,
believed to be the giraffes ghosts by the Humr.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-83"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-84"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="European_folklore">European folklore</span></h3>
<div class="hatnote">
Further information: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenant_%28folklore%29" title="Revenant (folklore)">Revenant (folklore)</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a></div>
Belief in ghosts in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_folklore" title="European folklore">European folklore</a> is characterized by the recurring fear of "returning" or <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenant_%28folklore%29" title="Revenant (folklore)">revenant</a></i> deceased who may harm the living. This includes the Scandinavian <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjenganger" title="Gjenganger">gjenganger</a></i>, the Romanian <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigoi" title="Strigoi">strigoi</a></i>, the Serbian <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampir</a></i>, the Greek <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrykolakas" title="Vrykolakas">vrykolakas</a></i>,
etc. In Scandinavian and Finnish tradition, ghosts appear in corporeal
form and their supernatural nature is given away by behavior rather than
appearance. In fact, in many stories they are first mistaken for the
living. They may be mute, appear and disappear suddenly, or leave no
footprints or other traces.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_folklore" title="English folklore">British folklore</a> is particularly notable for its numerous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations#United_Kingdom" title="List of reportedly haunted locations">haunted locations</a>.<br />
Belief in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_%28spirit%29" title="Soul (spirit)">soul</a> and an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> remained near universal until the emergence of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> in the 18th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 19th century, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritism" title="Spiritism">spiritism</a> resurrected "belief in ghosts" as the object of systematic inquiry, and popular opinion in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a> remains divided.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-85"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="South_and_Southeast_Asia">South and Southeast Asia</span></h3>
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id="India">India</span></h4>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoot_%28ghost%29" title="Bhoot (ghost)">Bhoot (ghost)</a></div>
A <i>bhoot</i> or <i>bhut</i> (भूत, ભૂત, or بهوت) is a supernatural
creature, usually the ghost of a deceased person, in the popular
culture, literature and some ancient texts of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. Interpretations of how <i>bhoot</i>s
come into existence vary by region and community, but they are usually
considered to be perturbed and restless due to some factor that prevents
them from moving on (to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">transmigration</a>, non-being, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a>,
or heaven or hell, depending on tradition). This could be a violent
death, unsettled matters in their lives, or simply the failure of their
survivors to perform proper funerals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ref88muliq_86-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-ref88muliq-86"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In Central and Northern India, <i>Aojha</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_guide" title="Spirit guide">spirit guides</a> play a central role.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
It duly happens when in the night someone sleeps and decorates
something on the wall and they say that if one sees the spirit the next
thing in the morning he will become a spirit to and that to a skondho
kata which means a spirit without a head and the soul of the body will
remain the dark with the dark lord from the spirits who reside in the
body of every human in Central and Northern India. It is also believed
that if someone calls one from behind never turn back and see because
the spirit may catch the human to make it a spirit. Other types of
spirits in Hindu Mythology include <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baital" title="Baital">Baital</a>, an evil spirit who haunts cemeteries and takes demonic possession of corpses, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pishacha" title="Pishacha">Pishacha</a>, a type of flesh-eating demon.<br />
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Austronesia">Austronesia</span></h4>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_ghost_myths" title="Malay ghost myths">Malay ghost myths</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_in_Filipino_culture" title="Ghosts in Filipino culture">Ghosts in Filipino culture</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_in_Polynesian_culture" title="Ghosts in Polynesian culture">Ghosts in Polynesian culture</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin-_Manao_tupapau_%28The_Spirit_of_the_Dead_Keep_Watch%29.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="568" data-file-width="752" height="166" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Paul_Gauguin-_Manao_tupapau_%28The_Spirit_of_the_Dead_Keep_Watch%29.JPG/220px-Paul_Gauguin-_Manao_tupapau_%28The_Spirit_of_the_Dead_Keep_Watch%29.JPG" width="220" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin-_Manao_tupapau_%28The_Spirit_of_the_Dead_Keep_Watch%29.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Dead_Watching" title="Spirit of the Dead Watching">Spirit of the Dead Watching</a></i> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a></div>
</div>
</div>
There are many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_ghost_myths" title="Malay ghost myths">Malay ghost myths</a>, remnants of old animist beliefs that have been shaped by later Hindu, Buddhist and Muslim influences in the modern states of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>. Some ghost concepts such as the female vampires <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak_%28folklore%29" title="Pontianak (folklore)">Pontianak</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penanggalan" title="Penanggalan">Penanggalan</a>
are shared throughout the region. Ghosts are a popular theme in modern
Malaysian and Indonesian films. There are also many references to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_in_Filipino_culture" title="Ghosts in Filipino culture">Ghosts in Filipino culture</a>, ranging from ancient legendary creatures such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manananggal" title="Manananggal">Manananggal</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiyanak" title="Tiyanak">Tiyanak</a> to more modern urban legends and horror films. The beliefs, legends and stories are as diverse as the people of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<br />
There was widespread belief in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_in_Polynesian_culture" title="Ghosts in Polynesian culture">ghosts in Polynesian culture</a>,
some of which persists today. After death, a person's ghost normally
traveled to the sky world or the underworld, but some could stay on
earth. In many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesian</a>
legends, ghosts were often actively involved in the affairs of the
living. Ghosts might also cause sickness or even invade the body of
ordinary people, to be driven out through strong medicines.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-87"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="East_and_Central_Asia">East and Central Asia</span></h3>
<div class="hatnote">
Further information: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Preta</a></div>
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id="China">China</span></h4>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_in_Chinese_culture" title="Ghosts in Chinese culture">Ghosts in Chinese culture</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ZhongKui-by-GongKai.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="343" data-file-width="432" height="175" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ZhongKui-by-GongKai.jpg/220px-ZhongKui-by-GongKai.jpg" width="220" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ZhongKui-by-GongKai.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
An image of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhong_Kui" title="Zhong Kui">Zhong Kui</a>, the vanquisher of ghosts and evil beings, painted sometime before 1304 A.D. by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Kai" title="Gong Kai">Gong Kai</a></div>
</div>
</div>
There are many references to ghosts in Chinese culture. Even Confucius said, "Respect ghosts and gods, but keep away from them."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mincul_88-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-mincul-88"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The ghosts take many forms, depending on how the person died, and are
often harmful. Many Chinese ghost beliefs have been accepted by
neighboring cultures, notably Japan and south-east Asia. Ghost beliefs
are closely associated with traditional Chinese religion based on
ancestor worship, many of which were incorporated in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>. Later beliefs were influenced by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, and in turn influenced and created uniquely Chinese Buddhist beliefs.<br />
Many Chinese today believe it possible to contact the spirits of
their ancestors through a medium, and that ancestors can help
descendants if properly respected and rewarded. The annual <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_festival" title="Ghost festival">ghost festival</a> is celebrated by Chinese around the world. On this day, ghosts and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_being" title="Spiritual being">spirits</a>, including those of the deceased ancestors, come out from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">lower realm</a>. Ghosts are described in classical Chinese texts as well as modern literature and films.<br />
A recent article in the China Post stated that nearly eighty-seven
percent of Chinese office workers believe in ghosts, and some fifty-two
percent of workers will wear hand art, necklaces, crosses, or even place
a crystal ball on their desks to keep ghosts at bay, according to the
poll.<br />
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Japan">Japan</span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 322px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kuniyoshi_The_Ghosts.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="388" data-file-width="800" height="155" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kuniyoshi_The_Ghosts.jpg/320px-Kuniyoshi_The_Ghosts.jpg" width="320" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kuniyoshi_The_Ghosts.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utagawa_Kuniyoshi" title="Utagawa Kuniyoshi">Utagawa Kuniyoshi</a>, <i>The Ghosts</i>, c. 1850</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABrei" title="Yūrei">Yūrei</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onry%C5%8D" title="Onryō">Onryō</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_ghost_story" title="Japanese ghost story">Japanese ghost story</a></div>
<b>Yūrei</b> <span style="font-weight: normal;">(<span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja"><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BD%E9%9C%8A" title="wikt:幽霊">幽霊</a></span><sup class="t_nihongo_help noprint"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Installing_Japanese_character_sets" title="Help:Installing Japanese character sets"><span class="t_nihongo_icon" style="color: #0000ee; font: bold 80% sans-serif; padding: 0 .1em; text-decoration: none;">?</span></a></sup>)</span> are figures in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_folklore" title="Japanese folklore">Japanese folklore</a>, analogous to Western legends of ghosts. The name consists of two <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a>, <a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BD" title="wikt:幽">幽</a> (<i>yū</i>), meaning "faint" or "dim" and <a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8A" title="wikt:霊">霊</a> (<i>rei</i>),
meaning "soul" or "spirit". Alternative names include 亡霊 (Bōrei)
meaning ruined or departed spirit, 死霊 (Shiryō) meaning dead spirit, or
the more encompassing 妖怪 (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a>) or お化け (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obake" title="Obake">Obake</a>).<br />
Like their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_folklore" title="Chinese folklore">Chinese</a> and Western counterparts, they are thought to be <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_%28spirit%29" title="Soul (spirit)">spirits</a> kept from a peaceful <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>.<br />
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Thailand">Thailand</span></h4>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_in_Thai_culture" title="Ghosts in Thai culture">Ghosts in Thai culture</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 152px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:XRF-krasue.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="897" data-file-width="770" height="175" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/XRF-krasue.jpg/150px-XRF-krasue.jpg" width="150" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:XRF-krasue.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasue" title="Krasue">Krasue</a></i>, a Thai female ghost known as <i>Ap</i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></div>
</div>
</div>
Ghosts in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> are part of local <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_folklore" title="Thai folklore">folklore</a> and have now become part of the popular culture of the country. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phraya_Anuman_Rajadhon" title="Phraya Anuman Rajadhon">Phraya Anuman Rajadhon</a> was the first Thai scholar who seriously studied Thai folk beliefs and took notes on the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a>
village spirits of Thailand. He established that, since such spirits
were not represented in paintings or drawings, they were purely based on
descriptions of popular <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">traditional stories</a> which were transmitted orally. Therefore most of the contemporary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> of ghosts such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nang_Tani" title="Nang Tani">Nang Tani</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nang_Takian" title="Nang Takian">Nang Takian</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-89"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasue" title="Krasue">Krasue</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krahang" title="Krahang">Krahang</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-90"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup> <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phi_Hua_Kat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Phi Hua Kat (page does not exist)">Phi Hua Kat</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Pop" title="Phi Pop">Phi Pop</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phi_Phong&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Phi Phong (page does not exist)">Phi Phong</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phi_Phraya&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Phi Phraya (page does not exist)">Phi Phraya</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae_Nak" title="Mae Nak">Mae Nak</a> has its origins in Thai films that have now become <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic" title="Classic">classics</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-91"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-92"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup> The most feared spirit in Thailand is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Tai_Hong" title="Phi Tai Hong">Phi Tai Hong</a>, the ghost of a person who has died suddenly of a violent death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-93"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup> The folklore of Thailand also includes the belief that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_paralysis" title="Sleep paralysis">sleep paralysis</a> is caused by a ghost, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Am" title="Phi Am">Phi Am</a>.<br />
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Tibet">Tibet</span></h4>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_in_Tibetan_culture" title="Ghosts in Tibetan culture">Ghosts in Tibetan culture</a></div>
There is widespread belief in ghosts in Tibetan culture. Ghosts are explicitly recognized in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist" title="Tibetan Buddhist">Tibetan Buddhist</a> religion as they were in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Indian Buddhism</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-94"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup>
occupying a distinct but overlapping world to the human one, and
feature in many traditional legends. When a human dies, after a period
of uncertainty they may enter the ghost world. A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungry_ghost" title="Hungry ghost">hungry ghost</a> (Tibetan: <i>yidag</i>, <i>yi-dvags</i>; Sanskrit: <i>preta</i>,
प्रेत) has a tiny throat and huge stomach, and so can never be
satisfied. Ghosts may be killed with a ritual dagger or caught in a
spirit trap and burnt, thus releasing them to be reborn. Ghosts may also
be exorcised, and an annual festival is held throughout Tibet for this
purpose. Some say that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorje_Shugden" title="Dorje Shugden">Dorje Shugden</a>, the ghost of a powerful 17th-century monk, is a deity, but the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> asserts that he is an evil spirit, which has caused a split in the Tibetan exile community.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Americas">Americas</span></h3>
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Mexico">Mexico</span></h4>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 172px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catrinas_2.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3504" data-file-width="2336" height="255" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Catrinas_2.jpg/170px-Catrinas_2.jpg" width="170" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catrinas_2.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Calavera_Catrina" title="La Calavera Catrina">Catrinas</a>, one of the most popular figures of the <i>Day of the Dead</i> celebrations in Mexico</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_in_Mexican_culture" title="Ghosts in Mexican culture">Ghosts in Mexican culture</a></div>
There is extensive and varied belief in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_in_Mexican_culture" title="Ghosts in Mexican culture">ghosts in Mexican culture</a>. The modern state of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> before the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest</a> was inhabited by diverse peoples such as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_people" title="Maya people">Maya</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_people" title="Aztec people">Aztec</a>, and their beliefs have survived and evolved, combined with the beliefs of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_people" title="Spanish people">Spanish</a> colonists. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Day of the Dead</a> incorporates pre-Columbian beliefs with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> elements. Mexican literature and films include many stories of ghosts interacting with the living.<br />
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id="United_States">United States</span></h4>
<div class="hatnote">
Further information: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ghosts of the American Civil War">Ghosts of the American Civil War</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_people" title="Shadow people">Shadow people</a></div>
According to the Gallup Poll News Service, belief in haunted houses,
ghosts, communication with the dead, and witches had an especially steep
increase over the 1990s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-95"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup> A 2005 Gallup poll found that about 32 percent of Americans believe in ghosts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gallup_96-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-gallup-96"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Depiction_in_the_arts">Depiction in the arts</span></h2>
Ghosts are prominent in the popular cultures of various nations. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">ghost story</a> is ubiquitous across all cultures from oral <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folktales</a> to works of literature.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Renaissance_to_Romanticism_.281500_to_1840.29">Renaissance to Romanticism (1500 to 1840)</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 172px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech,1843.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2439" data-file-width="1517" height="273" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg/170px-Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg" width="170" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech,1843.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
19th-century <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leech_%28caricaturist%29" title="John Leech (caricaturist)">John Leech</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Present" title="Ghost of Christmas Present">Ghost of Christmas Present</a> as depicted in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>' <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i></div>
</div>
</div>
One of the more recognizable ghosts in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a> is the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Hamlet" title="King Hamlet">shade of Hamlet's murdered father</a> in Shakespeare’s <i>The Tragical History of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet,_Prince_of_Denmark" title="Hamlet, Prince of Denmark">Hamlet, Prince of Denmark</a></i>. In <i>Hamlet</i>, it is the ghost who demands that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Hamlet" title="Prince Hamlet">Prince Hamlet</a> investigate his "murder most foul" and seek revenge upon his usurping uncle, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Claudius" title="King Claudius">King Claudius</a>. In Shakespeare’s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a></i>, the murdered <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banquo" title="Banquo">Banquo</a> returns as a ghost to the dismay of the title character.<br />
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 172px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Magician_by_Edward_Kelly.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1275" data-file-width="987" height="220" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/A_Magician_by_Edward_Kelly.jpg/170px-A_Magician_by_Edward_Kelly.jpg" width="170" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Magician_by_Edward_Kelly.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Kelley" title="Edward Kelley">Edward Kelley</a> invoking the spirit of a deceased person (engraving from the <i>Astrology</i> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Sibly" title="Ebenezer Sibly">Ebenezer Sibly</a>, 1806)</div>
</div>
</div>
In <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Renaissance_theater" title="English Renaissance theater">English Renaissance theater</a>,
ghosts were often depicted in the garb of the living and even in armor,
as with the ghost of Hamlet’s father. Armor, being out-of-date by the
time of the Renaissance, gave the stage ghost a sense of antiquity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-97"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-97"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup>
But the sheeted ghost began to gain ground on stage in the 19th century
because an armored ghost could not satisfactorily convey the requisite
spookiness: it clanked and creaked, and had to be moved about by
complicated pulley systems or elevators. These clanking ghosts being
hoisted about the stage became objects of ridicule as they became
clichéd stage elements. Ann Jones and Peter Stallybrass, in <i>Renaissance Clothing and the Materials of Memory</i>,
point out, "In fact, it is as laughter increasingly threatens the Ghost
that he starts to be staged not in armor but in some form of 'spirit
drapery'." An interesting observation by Jones and Stallybrass is that<br />
<blockquote class="templatequote">
...at the historical point at which ghosts themselves become
increasingly implausible, at least to an educated elite, to believe in
them at all it seems to be necessary to assert their immateriality,
their invisibility. ... The drapery of ghosts must now, indeed, be as
spiritual as the ghosts themselves. This is a striking departure both
from the ghosts of the Renaissance stage and from the Greek and Roman
theatrical ghosts upon which that stage drew. The most prominent feature
of Renaissance ghosts is precisely their gross materiality. They appear
to us conspicuously clothed.<br />
</blockquote>
Ghosts figured prominently in traditional British ballads of the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly the “<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_ballads" title="Border ballads">Border Ballads</a>” of the turbulent <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_country" title="Border country">border country</a> between England and Scotland. Ballads of this type include <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unquiet_Grave" title="The Unquiet Grave">The Unquiet Grave</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wife_of_Usher%27s_Well" title="The Wife of Usher's Well">The Wife of Usher's Well</a></i>, and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_William%27s_Ghost" title="Sweet William's Ghost">Sweet William's Ghost</a></i>, which feature the recurring theme of returning dead lovers or children. In the ballad <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Henry_%28song%29" title="King Henry (song)">King Henry</a></i>,
a particularly ravenous ghost devours the king’s horse and hounds
before forcing the king into bed. The king then awakens to find the
ghost transformed into a beautiful woman.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-98"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-98"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
One of the key early appearances by ghosts in a gothic tale was <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Castle_of_Otranto" title="The Castle of Otranto">The Castle of Otranto</a></i> by Horace Walpole in 1764.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Newman.2C_pg._135_99-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-Newman.2C_pg._135-99"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Sleepy_Hollow" title="The Legend of Sleepy Hollow">The Legend of Sleepy Hollow</a></i> (1820), based on an earlier German folktale, features a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headless_Horseman" title="Headless Horseman">Headless Horseman</a>. It has been adapted for film and television many times, such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow_%28film%29" title="Sleepy Hollow (film)">Sleepy Hollow</a></i>, a successful 1999 feature film.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sleepyhollow_100-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-sleepyhollow-100"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Victorian.2FEdwardian_.281840_to_1920.29">Victorian/Edwardian (1840 to 1920)</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyle_pirates_ghost.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2796" data-file-width="1528" height="403" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pyle_pirates_ghost.jpg/220px-Pyle_pirates_ghost.jpg" width="220" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyle_pirates_ghost.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
The ghost of a pirate, from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Pyle" title="Howard Pyle">Howard Pyle</a>'s <i>Book of Pirates</i> (1903)</div>
</div>
</div>
The "classic" ghost story arose during the Victorian period, and included authors such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._R._James" title="M. R. James">M. R. James</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheridan_Le_Fanu" title="Sheridan Le Fanu">Sheridan Le Fanu</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_Hunt" title="Violet Hunt">Violet Hunt</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>. Classic ghost stories were influenced by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">gothic fiction</a>
tradition, and contain elements of folklore and psychology. M. R. James
summed up the essential elements of a ghost story as, “Malevolence and
terror, the glare of evil faces, ‘the stony grin of unearthly malice',
pursuing forms in darkness, and 'long-drawn, distant screams', are all
in place, and so is a modicum of blood, shed with deliberation and
carefully husbanded...”.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-101"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-101"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Famous literary apparitions from this period are the ghosts of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i>, in which <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Ebenezer Scrooge</a> is helped to see the error of his ways by the ghost of his former colleague <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Marley" title="Jacob Marley">Jacob Marley</a>, and the ghosts of Christmas Past, Christmas Present and Christmas Yet to Come.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>'s comedy <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canterville_Ghost" title="The Canterville Ghost">The Canterville Ghost</a></i> has been adapted for film and television on several occasions. Henry James's <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Turn_of_the_Screw" title="The Turn of the Screw">The Turn of the Screw</a></i> has also appeared in a number of adaptations, notably the film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Innocents_%281961_film%29" title="The Innocents (1961 film)">The Innocents</a></i> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>'s opera <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Turn_of_the_Screw_%28opera%29" title="The Turn of the Screw (opera)">The Turn of the Screw</a></i>.<br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Telgmann" title="Oscar Telgmann">Oscar Telgmann</a>'s opera <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo,_the_Royal_Cadet" title="Leo, the Royal Cadet">Leo, the Royal Cadet</a></i> (1885) includes <i>Judge's Song</i> about a ghost at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</a> in Kingston, Ontario.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-102"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-102"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwaidan:_Stories_and_Studies_of_Strange_Things" title="Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things">Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things</a></i> is a 1904 collection of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaidan" title="Kaidan">Japanese ghost stories</a> collected by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a>, and later made into a film.<br />
In the United States, prior to and during the First World War, folklorists <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Dame_Campbell" title="Olive Dame Campbell">Olive Dame Campbell</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Sharp" title="Cecil Sharp">Cecil Sharp</a> collected ballads from the people of the Appalachian Mountains, which included ghostly themes such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wife_of_Usher%27s_Well" title="The Wife of Usher's Well">The Wife of Usher's Well</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Suffolk_Miracle" title="The Suffolk Miracle">The Suffolk Miracle</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unquiet_Grave" title="The Unquiet Grave">The Unquiet Grave</a></i>, and <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cruel_Ship%27s_Carpenter" title="The Cruel Ship's Carpenter">The Cruel Ship's Carpenter</a></i>.
The theme of these ballads was often the return of a dead lover. These
songs were variants of traditional British ballads handed down by
generations of mountaineers descended from the people of the
Anglo-Scottish border region.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-103"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-103"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_Era_.281920_to_1970.29">Modern Era (1920 to 1970)</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brown_lady.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="345" data-file-width="300" height="253" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/Brown_lady.jpg/220px-Brown_lady.jpg" width="220" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brown_lady.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Lady_of_Raynham_Hall" title="Brown Lady of Raynham Hall">Brown Lady of Raynham Hall</a></i>, a claimed ghost photograph by Captain Hubert C. Provand. First published in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Life_%28magazine%29" title="Country Life (magazine)">Country Life</a> magazine, 1936</div>
</div>
</div>
Professional parapsychologists and “ghosts hunters”, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Price" title="Harry Price">Harry Price</a>, active in the 1920s and 1930s, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Underwood_%28parapsychologist%29" title="Peter Underwood (parapsychologist)">Peter Underwood</a>, active in the 1940s and 1950s, published accounts of their experiences with ostensibly true ghost stories such as Price's <i>The Most Haunted House in England</i>, and Underwood's <i>Ghosts of Borley</i> (both recounting experiences at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borley_Rectory" title="Borley Rectory">Borley Rectory</a>). The writer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Edwards_%28writer_and_broadcaster%29" title="Frank Edwards (writer and broadcaster)">Frank Edwards</a> delved into ghost stories in his books of his, like "Stranger than Science."<br />
Children’s benevolent ghost stories became popular, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casper_the_Friendly_Ghost" title="Casper the Friendly Ghost">Casper the Friendly Ghost</a>, created in the 1930s and appearing in comics, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_cartoon" title="Animated cartoon">animated cartoons</a>, and eventually a 1995 feature film.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a>'s play <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blithe_Spirit_%28play%29" title="Blithe Spirit (play)">Blithe Spirit</a></i>, later made into a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blithe_Spirit_%28film%29" title="Blithe Spirit (film)">film</a>, places a more humorous slant on the phenomenon of haunting of individuals and specific locations.<br />
With the advent of motion pictures and television, screen depictions
of ghosts became common, and spanned a variety of genres; the works of
Shakespeare, Dickens and Wilde have all been made into cinematic
versions. Novel-length tales have been difficult to adapt to cinema,
although that of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haunting_of_Hill_House" title="The Haunting of Hill House">The Haunting of Hill House</a></i> to <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haunting_%281963_film%29" title="The Haunting (1963 film)">The Haunting</a></i> in 1963 is an exception.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Newman.2C_pg._135_99-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-Newman.2C_pg._135-99"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Sentimental depictions during this period were more popular in cinema than horror, and include the 1947 film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ghost_and_Mrs._Muir" title="The Ghost and Mrs. Muir">The Ghost and Mrs. Muir</a></i>, which was later adapted to television with a successful 1968–70 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ghost_%26_Mrs._Muir_%28TV_series%29" title="The Ghost & Mrs. Muir (TV series)">TV series</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Newman.2C_pg._135_99-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-Newman.2C_pg._135-99"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></a></sup> Genuine <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">psychological horror</a> films from this period include 1944's <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Uninvited_%281944_film%29" title="The Uninvited (1944 film)">The Uninvited</a></i>, and 1945's <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_of_Night" title="Dead of Night">Dead of Night</a></i>.<br />
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">List of ghost films</a></div>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Post-modern_.281970.E2.80.93present.29">Post-modern (1970–present)</span></h3>
The 1970s saw screen depictions of ghosts diverge into distinct
genres of the romantic and horror. A common theme in the romantic genre
from this period is the ghost as a benign guide or messenger, often with
unfinished business, such as 1989's <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_Dreams" title="Field of Dreams">Field of Dreams</a></i>, the 1990 film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_%281990_film%29" title="Ghost (1990 film)">Ghost</a></i>, and the 1993 comedy <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_and_Souls" title="Heart and Souls">Heart and Souls</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-104"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-104"><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></a></sup> In the horror genre, 1980's <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fog" title="The Fog">The Fog</a></i>, and the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Nightmare_on_Elm_Street_%28franchise%29" title="A Nightmare on Elm Street (franchise)">A Nightmare on Elm Street</a></i>
series of films from the 1980s and 1990s are notable examples of the
trend for the merging of ghost stories with scenes of physical violence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Newman.2C_pg._135_99-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-Newman.2C_pg._135-99"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Popularised in such films as the 1984 comedy <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostbusters" title="Ghostbusters">Ghostbusters</a></i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">ghost hunting</a>
became a hobby for many who formed ghost hunting societies to explore
reportedly haunted places. The ghost hunting theme has been featured in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television" title="Reality television">reality television series</a>, such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Adventures" title="Ghost Adventures">Ghost Adventures</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Hunters" title="Ghost Hunters">Ghost Hunters</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Hunters_International" title="Ghost Hunters International">Ghost Hunters International</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Lab" title="Ghost Lab">Ghost Lab</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Haunted" title="Most Haunted">Most Haunted</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Haunting" title="A Haunting">A Haunting</a></i>. It is also represented in children's television by such programs as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ghost_Hunter" title="The Ghost Hunter">The Ghost Hunter</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Trackers" title="Ghost Trackers">Ghost Trackers</a></i>. Ghost hunting also gave rise to multiple guidebooks to haunted locations, and ghost hunting "how-to" manuals.<br />
The 1990s saw a return to classic "gothic" ghosts, whose dangers were
more psychological than physical. Examples of films from this period
include 1999's <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sixth_Sense" title="The Sixth Sense">The Sixth Sense</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Others_%282001_film%29" title="The Others (2001 film)">The Others</a></i>.<br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_cinema" title="Asian cinema">Asian cinema</a> has also produced <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror films</a> about ghosts, such as the 1998 Japanese film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_%28film%29" title="Ring (film)">Ringu</a></i> (remade in the US as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ring_%282002_film%29" title="The Ring (2002 film)">The Ring</a></i> in 2002), and the Pang brothers' 2002 film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eye_%282002_film%29" title="The Eye (2002 film)">The Eye</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-105"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-105"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_ghost_movies" title="Indian ghost movies">Indian ghost movies</a>
are popular not just in India, but in the Middle East, Africa, South
East Asia and other parts of the world. Some Indian ghost movies such as
the comedy / horror film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandramukhi" title="Chandramukhi">Chandramukhi</a></i> have been commercial successes, dubbed into several languages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-behind_106-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-behind-106"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></a></sup>
Generally the films are based on the experiences of modern people who
are unexpectedly exposed to ghosts. They usually draw on traditional
Indian literature or folklore, but in some cases are remakes of western
films, such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjaane_%282005_film%29" title="Anjaane (2005 film)">Anjaane</a></i>, based on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Amen%C3%A1bar" title="Alejandro Amenábar">Alejandro Amenábar</a>'s ghost story <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Others_%282001_film%29" title="The Others (2001 film)">The Others</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-anjaane_107-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-anjaane-107"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In fictional television programming, ghosts have been explored in series such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural_%28U.S._TV_series%29" title="Supernatural (U.S. TV series)">Supernatural</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Whisperer" title="Ghost Whisperer">Ghost Whisperer</a></i> and <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_%28TV_show%29" title="Medium (TV show)">Medium</a></i>. In animated fictional television programming, ghosts have served as the central element in series such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casper_the_Friendly_Ghost" title="Casper the Friendly Ghost">Casper</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Phantom" title="Danny Phantom">Danny Phantom</a></i>, and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooby-Doo" title="Scooby-Doo">Scooby-Doo</a></i>. Various other television shows have depicted ghosts as well.<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Metaphorical_usages">Metaphorical usages</span></h2>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nietzsche" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> argued that people generally wear prudent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_%28psychology%29" title="Persona (psychology)">masks</a>
in company; but that an alternative strategy for social interaction is
to present oneself as an absence, as a social ghost - “One reaches out
for us but gets no hold of us”<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-108"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-108"><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></a></sup> - something later echoed (if with a less positive spin) by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._G._Jung" title="C. G. Jung">C. G. Jung</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-109"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-109"><span>[</span>109<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Harkaway" title="Nick Harkaway">Nick Harkaway</a>
considered that we all carry a host of ghosts in our heads, in the form
of impressions of past acquaintances – ghosts that represent our maps
of other people in the world: our reference points.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-110"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-110"><span>[</span>110<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_relations_theory" title="Object relations theory">Object relations theory</a> sees our personalities as formed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splitting_%28psychology%29" title="Splitting (psychology)">splitting off</a> aspects of ourselves we find incompatible; whereupon we may be haunted in later life by such ghosts of our alternate selves.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-111"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#cite_note-111"><span>[</span>111<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" data-file-height="1376" data-file-width="1024" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a class="extiw" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ghosts" title="commons:Category:Ghosts">Ghosts</a></b></i>.</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unclean_spirit" title="Unclean spirit">Unclean spirit</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonic_possession" title="Demonic possession">Demonic possession</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haunted_house" title="Haunted house">Haunted house</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_ghosts" title="Fear of ghosts">Fear of ghosts</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrophilia" title="Spectrophilia">Spectrophilia</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Kirby-1"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Kirby, R.S. (1804). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ggMhkDz-33EC&pg=PA65" rel="nofollow">"The Hammersmith Ghosts"</a>. <i>Kirby's Wonderful and Scientific Museum</i>. pp. 65–79.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.atitle=Kirby%27s+Wonderful+and+Scientific+Museum&rft.au=Kirby%2C+R.S.&rft.aulast=Kirby%2C+R.S.&rft.btitle=The+Hammersmith+Ghosts&rft.date=1804&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DggMhkDz-33EC%26pg%3DPA65&rft.pages=65-79&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"> <span class="reference-text">Hole, pp. 150–163</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Cohen, Daniel (1984). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=5lcMRQryEQMC" rel="nofollow"><i>The encyclopedia of ghosts</i></a>. Dodd, Mead. p. 8. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-396-08308-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-396-08308-5">978-0-396-08308-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Daniel&rft.aulast=Cohen%2C+Daniel&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+ghosts&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5lcMRQryEQMC&rft.isbn=978-0-396-08308-5&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/78064" rel="nofollow">"ghost"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 27 August 2013</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.atitle=ghost&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F78064&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/187392" rel="nofollow">"spook"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 27 August 2013</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.atitle=spook&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F187392&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"> <span class="reference-text">Mencken, H. L. (1936,
repr. 1980). The American Language: An Inquiry into the Development of
English in the United States (4th edition). New York: Knopf, p. 108.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"> <span class="reference-text"><i>Webster's Third New International Dictionary</i>, Merriam-Webster, <i>spook</i>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"> <span class="reference-text"><i>Webster's New World College Dictionary</i> (4th edition), Wiley, <i>spook</i>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ou%28=tos" rel="nofollow">οὗτος</a>. Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=umbra&fromdoc=Perseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0059" rel="nofollow">umbra</a>. Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, <i>A Latin Dictionary</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dictionary of American Regional English</i>, Belknap Press, 1985</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"> <span class="reference-text">Flora, Joseph M.; MacKethan, Lucinda Hardwick and Taylor, Todd W. (2001) <i>The Companion to Southern Literature</i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Press" title="Louisiana State University Press">Louisiana State University Press</a>, p. 304.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Cohen1984-13"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Cohen, Daniel (1984). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=5lcMRQryEQMC" rel="nofollow"><i>The encyclopedia of ghosts</i></a>. Dodd, Mead. pp. 137–156. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-396-08308-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-396-08308-5">978-0-396-08308-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Daniel&rft.aulast=Cohen%2C+Daniel&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+ghosts&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5lcMRQryEQMC&rft.isbn=978-0-396-08308-5&rft.pages=137-156&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/230504" rel="nofollow">"wraith"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 27 August 2013</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.atitle=wraith&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F230504&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Milner, Liz. <a class="external text" href="http://www.greenmanreview.com/book/book_shippey_tolkien.html" rel="nofollow">"Tom Shippey, J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century (Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001)"</a>. <i>greenmanreview.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-01-04</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.atitle=Tom+Shippey%2C+J.R.R.+Tolkien%3A+Author+of+the+Century+%28Houghton+Mifflin+Company%2C+2001%29&rft.aulast=Milner%2C+Liz&rft.au=Milner%2C+Liz&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenmanreview.com%2Fbook%2Fbook_shippey_tolkien.html&rft.jtitle=greenmanreview.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bogey" rel="nofollow">bogey</a>. Merriam-Webster (2012-08-31). Retrieved on 2013-03-21.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17"> <span class="reference-text">Robert Chambers <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sdVkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA154&dq=halloween+poem+%28burns%29&hl=en&ei=YaX2TI2CH4uwhQfP_8GKCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=halloween%20poem%20%28burns%29&f=false" rel="nofollow">The life and works of Robert Burns, Volume 1</a> Lippincott, Grambo & co., 1854</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18"> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/ulsterscots/words/bogie" rel="nofollow">Ulster Scots – Words and Phrases:"Bogie"</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> Retrieved December 18, 2010</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19"> <span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Brown_%28anthropologist%29" title="Donald Brown (anthropologist)">Donald Brown</a> (1991) <i>Human Universals</i>. Philadelphia, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_University_Press" title="Temple University Press">Temple University Press</a> (<a class="external text" href="http://condor.depaul.edu/%7Emfiddler/hyphen/humunivers.htm" rel="nofollow">online summary</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-EncyOccult-20"> <span class="reference-text">Some people believe the ghost or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit" title="Spirit">spirit</a>
never leaves Earth until there is no-one left to remember the one who
died. Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology edited by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">J. Gordon Melton</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_Group" title="Gale Group">Gale Group</a>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/081035487X">ISBN 0-8103-5487-X</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21"> <span class="reference-text">Richard Cavendish (1994) <i>The World of Ghosts and the Supernatural</i>. Waymark Publications, Basingstoke: 5</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"> <span class="reference-text">e.g. in graves of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Bronze_Age" title="Irish Bronze Age">Irish Bronze Age</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.iol.ie/%7Esec/sites.htm" rel="nofollow">IOL.ie</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23"> <span class="reference-text">"In the immediate
aftermath of a death, the deceased is removed from the bed he died in
and placed on the prepared floor, called a ‘comfort bed.’ His jaw is
bound up and his feet tied together (usually at the big toes)." <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611033740/http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/belge/2-16147/eski2yeni.html" rel="nofollow">Kultur.gov.tr</a> (archive version)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-GoldenBough-24"> <span class="reference-text">"If a
man lives and moves, it can only be because he has a little man or
animal inside, who moves him. The animal inside the animal, the man
inside the man, is the soul. And as the activity of an animal or man is
explained by the presence of the soul, so the repose of sleep or death
is explained by its absence; sleep or trance being the temporary, death
being the permanent absence of the soul... " <a class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext03/bough11.txt" rel="nofollow">The Golden Bough</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>. Retrieved January 16, 2007.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-25"> <span class="reference-text">Hole, pp. 13–27</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Jacobsen, Thorkild (1978). <i>The treasures of darkness: a history of Mesopotamian religion</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-02291-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-02291-3">0-300-02291-3</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.au=Jacobsen%2C+Thorkild&rft.aulast=Jacobsen%2C+Thorkild&rft.btitle=The+treasures+of+darkness%3A+a+history+of+Mesopotamian+religion&rft.date=1978&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-300-02291-3&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-black-27"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Black, Jeremy A.; Green, Anthony and Rickards, Tessa (1992). <i>Gods, demons, and symbols of ancient Mesopotamia: an illustrated dictionary</i>. University of Texas Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-70794-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-70794-0">0-292-70794-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.au=Black%2C+Jeremy+A.%3B+Green%2C+Anthony+and+Rickards%2C+Tessa&rft.aulast=Black%2C+Jeremy+A.%3B+Green%2C+Anthony+and+Rickards%2C+Tessa&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+demons%2C+and+symbols+of+ancient+Mesopotamia%3A+an+illustrated+dictionary&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-292-70794-0&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-28"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Goelet, Ogden (1998). <i>A Commentary on the Corpus of Literature and Tradition which constitutes the Book of Going Forth By Day</i>. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. pp. 139–170.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.aufirst=Ogden&rft.au=Goelet%2C+Ogden&rft.aulast=Goelet&rft.btitle=A+Commentary+on+the+Corpus+of+Literature+and+Tradition+which+constitutes+the+Book+of+Going+Forth+By+Day&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=139-170&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Vieira2003-29"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Vieira, Mark A. (2003). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=QyR2QgAACAAJ" rel="nofollow"><i>Hollywood horror: from gothic to cosmic</i></a>. Harry N. Abrams. pp. 55–58. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-4535-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-4535-7">978-0-8109-4535-7</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.aulast=Vieira%2C+Mark+A.&rft.au=Vieira%2C+Mark+A.&rft.btitle=Hollywood+horror%3A+from+gothic+to+cosmic&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQyR2QgAACAAJ&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-4535-7&rft.pages=55-58&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30"> <span class="reference-text">Finucane, pp. 4, 16</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31"> <span class="reference-text">Finucane, pp. 8–11</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32"> <span class="reference-text">Finucane, pg 12</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"> <span class="reference-text">Finucane, pg 13</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Jaehnig, K.C. (1999-03-11). <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070908171955/http://www.siu.edu/news/ghosts.html" rel="nofollow">"Classical ghost stories"</a>. Southern Illinois University. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.siu.edu/news/ghosts.html" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on September 8, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-09-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.aufirst=K.C.&rft.au=Jaehnig%2C+K.C.&rft.aulast=Jaehnig&rft.btitle=Classical+ghost+stories&rft.date=1999-03-11&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siu.edu%2Fnews%2Fghosts.html&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-35"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/9/4/1083.html" rel="nofollow">"LXXXIII. To Sura"</a>. <i>bartleby.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-09-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.atitle=LXXXIII.+To+Sura&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F9%2F4%2F1083.html&rft.jtitle=bartleby.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-36"> <span class="reference-text">"The Doubter" by Lucian in Roger Lancelyn Green (1970) <i>Thirteen Uncanny Tales</i>. London, Dent: 14–21; and Finucane, pg 26</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-37"> <span class="reference-text">F. R. Hoare, <i>The Western Fathers</i>, Sheed & Ward: New York, 1954, pp. 294–5.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-38"> <span class="reference-text">Finucane, Ch. 3</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-39"> <span class="reference-text">Fincucane, pp. 70–77.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-40"> <span class="reference-text">Finucane, pp. 83–84.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Finucanepg-41"> <span class="reference-text">Finucane, pg. 79.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-42"> <span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Gregory_Pegg" title="Mark Gregory Pegg">Mark Gregory Pegg</a> (2008) <i>A Most Holy War</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, New York: 3–5, 116–117. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195171310">ISBN 978-0-19-517131-0</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-43"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Yuriko Yamanaka, Tetsuo Nishio (2006). <i>The Arabian Nights and Orientalism: Perspectives from East & West</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. p. 83. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-768-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-768-8">1-85043-768-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.aufirst=Tetsuo+Nishio&rft.aulast=Yuriko+Yamanaka&rft.au=Yuriko+Yamanaka%2C+Tetsuo+Nishio&rft.btitle=The+Arabian+Nights+and+Orientalism%3A+Perspectives+from+East+%26+West&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-85043-768-8&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-44"> <span class="reference-text">Walker, D.P. (1958) <i>Spiritual and Demonic Magic from Ficino to Campanella.</i> London: Warburg Institute, passim.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-45"> <span class="reference-text">Original German edition: <i>Von Gespänsten ..., kurtzer und einfaltiger bericht,</i> Zürich, 1569 [VD16 L 834]</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-46"> <span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_James_Child" title="Francis James Child">Child, Francis James</a>, <i>The English and Scottish Popular Ballads</i>, v. 2, p. 227, Dover Publications, New York 1965</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-47"> <span class="reference-text">Child, Francis James, <i>The English and Scottish Popular Ballads</i>, v 2, p 234, Dover Publications, New York 1965</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-encybrit-48"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/242238/grateful-dead#23476.hook" rel="nofollow">"Grateful dead"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-12-14</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.btitle=Grateful+dead&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F242238%2Fgrateful-dead%2323476.hook&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Carroll-49"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Carroll, Bret E. (1997). <i>Spiritualism in Antebellum America. (Religion in North America.)</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 248. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-33315-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-33315-6">0-253-33315-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.au=Carroll%2C+Bret+E.&rft.aufirst=Bret+E.&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.btitle=Spiritualism+in+Antebellum+America.+%28Religion+in+North+America.%29&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-253-33315-6&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Bloomington%3A+Indiana+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Braude-50"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Braude, Ann Braude (2001). <i>Radical Spirits: Spiritualism and Women's Rights in Nineteenth-Century America, Second Edition</i>. Indiana University Press. p. 296. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-21502-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-21502-1">0-253-21502-1</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.au=Braude%2C+Ann+Braude&rft.aufirst=Ann+Braude&rft.aulast=Braude&rft.btitle=Radical+Spirits%3A+Spiritualism+and+Women%27s+Rights+in+Nineteenth-Century+America%2C+Second+Edition&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-253-21502-1&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Britten-51"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Hardinge_Britten" title="Emma Hardinge Britten">Britten, Emma Hardinge</a> (1884). <i>Nineteenth Century Miracles: Spirits and their Work in Every Country of the Earth</i>. New York: William Britten. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-6290-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-6290-7">0-7661-6290-7</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.au=Britten%2C+Emma+Hardinge&rft.aufirst=Emma+Hardinge&rft.aulast=Britten&rft.btitle=Nineteenth+Century+Miracles%3A+Spirits+and+their+Work+in+Every+Country+of+the+Earth&rft.date=1884&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7661-6290-7&rft.pub=New+York%3A+William+Britten&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-NYT-52"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">"Three Forms of Thought; M. M. Mangassarian Addresses the Society for Ethical Culture at Carnegie Music Hall". <i>New York Times</i>. November 29, 1897. p. 200.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.atitle=Three+Forms+of+Thought%3B+M.+M.+Mangassarian+Addresses+the+Society+for+Ethical+Culture+at+Carnegie+Music+Hall&rft.date=November+29%2C+1897&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.pages=200&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span> </span></li>
<li id="cite_note-53"> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.seanet.com/%7Eraines/greber.html" rel="nofollow">Johannes Greber</a>. Seanet.com. Retrieved on 2013-03-21.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-54"> <span class="reference-text">In Canada, Spiritism is an officially recognized religious denomination (unique in the world) as <a class="external text" href="http://allankardec.ca/m.php?page=aksg_other_groups_in_canada.html" rel="nofollow">The National Spiritist Church of Alberta</a>
(Church #A145 registered by Department of Vital Statistics, Government
of Alberta – under The Marriage Act of Alberta) with government-licensed
clergy and legal authority to perform marriages.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-55"> <span class="reference-text">Hess, David. <i>Spirits and Scientists: Ideology, Spiritism, and Brazilian Culture</i>, Pennsylvania State Univ Press, 1991 ISBN 027104080</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-56"> <span class="reference-text">McCorristine, Shane <i>Spectres of the Self: Thinking About Ghosts and Ghost-Seeing in England, 1750–1920</i> 2010, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1139788825">ISBN 1139788825</a> pp. 44–56</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-57"> <span class="reference-text">Gelder, Ken <i>The horror reader</i> 2000, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415213568">ISBN 0415213568</a> pp. 43–44</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-58"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Nickell, Joe (Sep–Oct 2000). <a class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/si/show/haunted_inns_tales_of_spectral_guest" rel="nofollow">"Haunted Inns Tales of Spectral Guests"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-12-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft.aulast=Nickell&rft.au=Nickell%2C+Joe&rft.btitle=Haunted+Inns+Tales+of+Spectral+Guests&rft.date=Sep-Oct+2000&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fsi%2Fshow%2Fhaunted_inns_tales_of_spectral_guest&rft.pub=Committee+for+Skeptical+Inquiry&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-59"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Carroll, Robert Todd (June 2001). <a class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/pareidol.html" rel="nofollow">"pareidolia"</a>. <i>skepdic.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-09-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.atitle=pareidolia&rft.au=Carroll%2C+Robert+Todd&rft.aufirst=Robert+Todd&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.date=June+2001&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskepdic.com%2Fpareidol.html&rft.jtitle=skepdic.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-visit-60"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Weinstein, Larry (June 2001). <a class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/sb/show/paranormal_visit/" rel="nofollow">"The Paranormal Visit"</a>. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-02-12</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.au=Weinstein%2C+Larry&rft.btitle=The+Paranormal+Visit&rft.date=June+2001&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fsb%2Fshow%2Fparanormal_visit%2F&rft.pub=Committee+for+Skeptical+Inquiry&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span>
<dl><dd>"Once the idea of a ghost appears in a household ... no longer is an
object merely mislaid .... There gets to be a dynamic in a place where
the idea that it's haunted takes on a life of its own. One-of-a-kind
quirks that could never be repeated all become further evidence of the
haunting."</dd></dl>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Klemperer, Frances (1992). <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1884722" rel="nofollow">"Ghosts, Visions, And Voices: Sometimes Simply Perceptual Mistakes"</a>. <i>British Medical Journal</i> <b>305</b> (6868): 1518–1519. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.305.6868.1518" rel="nofollow">10.1136/bmj.305.6868.1518</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/29717993" rel="nofollow">29717993</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1884722" rel="nofollow">1884722</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1286367" rel="nofollow">1286367</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.atitle=Ghosts%2C+Visions%2C+And+Voices%3A+Sometimes+Simply+Perceptual+Mistakes&rft.au=Klemperer%2C+Frances&rft.aulast=Klemperer%2C+Frances&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1884722&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.305.6868.1518&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F1884722&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1286367&rft.issue=6868&rft.jstor=29717993&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&rft.pages=1518-1519&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=305"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-62"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Wiseman, R., Watt, C.; Stevens, P. <i>et al.</i> (2003). <a class="external text" href="http://www.richardwiseman.com/resources/BJP-hauntings.pdf" rel="nofollow">"An investigation into alleged "hauntings<span style="padding-right: 0.2em;">"</span>"</a>. <i>The British Journal of Psychology</i> <b>94</b> (2): 195–211. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1348%2F000712603321661886" rel="nofollow">10.1348/000712603321661886</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.atitle=An+investigation+into+alleged+%22hauntings%22&rft.aulast=Wiseman%2C+R.%2C+Watt%2C+C.%3B+Stevens%2C+P.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.au=Wiseman%2C+R.%2C+Watt%2C+C.%3B+Stevens%2C+P.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardwiseman.com%2Fresources%2FBJP-hauntings.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1348%2F000712603321661886&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Psychology&rft.pages=195-211&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=94"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-63"> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.richardwiseman.com/research/ghosts.html" rel="nofollow">Richard Wiseman</a>. Retrieved September 25, 2007.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-sound-64"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/09/08/1062901994082.html?oneclick=true" rel="nofollow">"Sounds like terror in the air"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. smh.com.au. 2003-09-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-09-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.atitle=Sounds+like+terror+in+the+air&rft.date=2003-09-09&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Farticles%2F2003%2F09%2F08%2F1062901994082.html%3Foneclick%3Dtrue&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.pub=smh.com.au&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid11410684-65"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Choi IS (2001). <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3054741" rel="nofollow">"Carbon monoxide poisoning: systemic manifestations and complications"</a>. <i>J. Korean Med. Sci.</i> <b>16</b> (3): 253–61. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3346%2Fjkms.2001.16.3.253" rel="nofollow">10.3346/jkms.2001.16.3.253</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3054741" rel="nofollow">3054741</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11410684" rel="nofollow">11410684</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.atitle=Carbon+monoxide+poisoning%3A+systemic+manifestations+and+complications&rft.au=Choi+IS&rft.aulast=Choi+IS&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3054741&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3346%2Fjkms.2001.16.3.253&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F3054741&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11410684&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=J.+Korean+Med.+Sci.&rft.pages=253-61&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=16"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-66"> <span class="reference-text"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteronomy" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 18:11</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-67"> <span class="reference-text">I Samuel 28:3–19 KJV</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Oxford-68"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Ehrman, Bart D. (2006). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=Tlvgp7WggvEC&pg=PA17&dq=Jesus%27+followers+at+first+believe+him+to+be+a+ghost" rel="nofollow">(spirit)+when+they+see+him+walking+on+water#v=onepage&q&f=false <i>Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene: the followers of Jesus in history and legend</i></a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530013-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530013-0">978-0-19-530013-0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 12 December 2011</span>.
"Jesus then walks out to them, on the water. When they see him, in the
middle of the lake, the disciples are terrified, thinking it is a ghost.
Jesus assures them it is he, and then Peter, in a characteristically
unreserved moment, calls out, "Lord if it is you, command me to come to
you on the water" (Matt. 14–28)."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.au=Ehrman%2C+Bart+D.&rft.aulast=Ehrman%2C+Bart+D.&rft.btitle=Peter%2C+Paul%2C+and+Mary+Magdalene%3A+the+followers+of+Jesus+in+history+and+legend&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DTlvgp7WggvEC%26pg%3DPA17%26dq%3DJesus%27%2Bfollowers%2Bat%2Bfirst%2Bbelieve%2Bhim%2Bto%2Bbe%2Ba%2Bghost+%28spirit%29%2Bwhen%2Bthey%2Bsee%2Bhim%2Bwalking%2Bon%2Bwater%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530013-0&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Emissary-69"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Emissary (2007-09-30). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=q469xc7mbksC&pg=PA69" rel="nofollow"><i>A Faraway Ancient Country</i></a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-15801-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-15801-3">978-0-615-15801-3</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-27</span>.
"if we have ghosts, then where do we put them in the Christian
universe? While they are tied to the earth, they are no longer living on
the material plain. Heaven and hell are exclusive places, so it's
extremely unlikely that people come and go from these destinations as
they please. There must be a third state in the afterlife where souls
linger before continuing their journey."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.au=Emissary&rft.aulast=Emissary&rft.btitle=A+Faraway+Ancient+Country&rft.date=2007-09-30&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dq469xc7mbksC%26pg%3DPA69&rft.isbn=978-0-615-15801-3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-UMC-70"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.umportal.org/article.asp?id=5101" rel="nofollow">"Heavenly minded: It's time to get our eschatology right, say scholars, authors"</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_United_Methodist_Church" title="The United Methodist Church">The United Methodist Church</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-27</span>.
"John Wesley believed in the intermediate state between death and the
final judgment “where believers would share in the ‘bosom of Abraham’ or
‘paradise,’ even continuing to grow in holiness there,” writes Ted
Campbell, a professor at Perkins School of Theology, in his 1999 book
Methodist Doctrine: The Essentials (Abingdon)."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.btitle=Heavenly+minded%3A+It%27s+time+to+get+our+eschatology+right%2C+say+scholars%2C+authors&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umportal.org%2Farticle.asp%3Fid%3D5101&rft.pub=The+United+Methodist+Church&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Eleanor_Prosser-71"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Prosser, Eleanor (1967). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=1zasAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA115&dq=purgatory+ghost&cd=3#v=onepage&q=purgatory%20ghost" rel="nofollow"><i>Hamlet and revenge</i></a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0316-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0316-1">978-0-8047-0316-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-27</span>. "Primarily the Purgatory ghost appeared only to ask for masses, alms, fasts, pilgrimages, and, above all, prayers."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.aulast=Prosser%2C+Eleanor&rft.au=Prosser%2C+Eleanor&rft.btitle=Hamlet+and+revenge&rft.date=1967&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D1zasAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA115%26dq%3Dpurgatory%2Bghost%26cd%3D3%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dpurgatory%2520ghost&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0316-1&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Paulist_Fathers-72"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Fathers, Paulist (1945). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=X_kWAQAAIAAJ" rel="nofollow"><i>Catholic world, Volume 162</i></a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulist_Fathers" title="Paulist Fathers">Paulist Fathers</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-27</span>.
"That the Ghost comes from Purgatory is evident from his description of
his abode in the other world as primarily a state of purification,
consisting of..."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.au=Fathers%2C+Paulist&rft.aulast=Fathers%2C+Paulist&rft.btitle=Catholic+world%2C+Volume+162&rft.date=1945&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DX_kWAQAAIAAJ&rft.pub=Paulist+Fathers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-J.P._Somerville-73"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://history.wisc.edu/sommerville/367/367-102.htm" rel="nofollow">"Ghosts, Fairies and Omens"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-27</span>.
"The Roman Catholic Church taught that at death the souls of those too
good for hell and too bad for heaven were sent to Purgatory. Here they
were purged of their sins by punishment, but might on occasion be
allowed to return to earth to warn the living of the need for
repentance."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.btitle=Ghosts%2C+Fairies+and+Omens&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.wisc.edu%2Fsommerville%2F367%2F367-102.htm&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Eric_Stoutz-74"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://catholicexchange.com/2006/10/07/83644/" rel="nofollow">"Do You Believe in Ghosts?"</a>. Catholic Exchange<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-27</span>. "Ghosts can come to us for good, but we must not attempt to conjure or control spirits."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.btitle=Do+You+Believe+in+Ghosts%3F&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholicexchange.com%2F2006%2F10%2F07%2F83644%2F&rft.pub=Catholic+Exchange&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Michele_Klein-75"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Klein, Michele (2003-06-30). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=tqG29pi8HPUC&pg=PA171&dq=conjuring+spirits+bible&cd=7#v=onepage&q=conjuring%20spirits%20bible" rel="nofollow"><i>Not to worry: Jewish wisdom and folklore</i></a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society" title="Jewish Publication Society">Jewish Publication Society</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0753-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0753-8">978-0-8276-0753-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-27</span>. "Jews have sometimes engaged in conjuring spirits when worried, even though the Bible prohibits this behavior."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.au=Klein%2C+Michele&rft.aulast=Klein%2C+Michele&rft.btitle=Not+to+worry%3A+Jewish+wisdom+and+folklore&rft.date=2003-06-30&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DtqG29pi8HPUC%26pg%3DPA171%26dq%3Dconjuring%2Bspirits%2Bbible%26cd%3D7%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dconjuring%2520spirits%2520bible&rft.isbn=978-0-8276-0753-8&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Ron_Rhodes-76"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.gotquestions.org/ghosts-hauntings.html" rel="nofollow">"What does the Bible say about ghosts / hauntings?"</a>. Got Questions Ministries<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-27</span>.
"Appearing as a “ghost” and impersonating a deceased human being
definitely seem to be within the power and abilities that demons
possess."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.btitle=What+does+the+Bible+say+about+ghosts+%2F+hauntings%3F&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gotquestions.org%2Fghosts-hauntings.html&rft.pub=Got+Questions+Ministries&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Spotlight_Ministries-77"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.spotlightministries.org.uk/hauntings.htm" rel="nofollow">"A Christian Perspective on Ghosts and Hauntings"</a>. Spotlight Ministries<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-27</span>.
"The Bible warns of the very real danger of seductive spirits that will
come to deceive people and draw them away from God and into bondage:
"But the Spirit [the Holy Spirit] explicitly says that in later times
some will fall away from the faith, paying attention to deceitful
spirits and doctrines of demons..." (1 Tim. 4:1)."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.btitle=A+Christian+Perspective+on+Ghosts+and+Hauntings&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spotlightministries.org.uk%2Fhauntings.htm&rft.pub=Spotlight+Ministries&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Sue_Lim_-_Contact-78"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Lim, Sue (2002-06-18). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=_ZH_CdJpxoUC&pg=PA98&dq=Phyllis+Mannheim&cd=2#v=onepage&q=Phyllis%20Mannheim" rel="nofollow"><i>Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them</i></a>. Writers Club Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-22771-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-22771-6">978-0-595-22771-6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-04-02</span>.
"Robbie's playing of the Ouija board gave occult spirits the
jurisdiction or right to control him, which they did until they were
commanded to leave (cast out)."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.aulast=Lim%2C+Sue&rft.au=Lim%2C+Sue&rft.btitle=Good+Spirits%2C+Bad+Spirits%3A+How+to+Distinguish+Between+Them&rft.date=2002-06-18&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D_ZH_CdJpxoUC%26pg%3DPA98%26dq%3DPhyllis%2BMannheim%26cd%3D2%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DPhyllis%2520Mannheim&rft.isbn=978-0-595-22771-6&rft.pub=Writers+Club+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-79"> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://www.christadelphia.org/reject.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.christadelphia.org/reject.htm</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-80"> <span class="reference-text">Chagigah 16a</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-81"> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.islamhelpline.com/node/3698" rel="nofollow">Please tell me about ghosts...</a>. Islamhelpline. Retrieved on 2013-03-21.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Jinn-82"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">U. A. B. Razia Akter Banu (1992). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=XyzqATEDPSgC&pg=PA57&dq=Islam+ghosts#v=onepage&q=Islam%20ghosts&f=false" rel="nofollow"><i>Islam in Bangladesh, Volume 58</i></a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09497-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09497-0">978-90-04-09497-0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 12 December 2011</span>.
"The scholars emphasising the syncretistic nature of Bengal Islam
usually refer to some Bengali Muslims' proclivity to believe in spirits
like ghosts, female ghosts, and demons. The Koran, however, mentions one
kind of spirits called <i>jinn</i>."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.aulast=U.+A.+B.+Razia+Akter+Banu&rft.au=U.+A.+B.+Razia+Akter+Banu&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Bangladesh%2C+Volume+58&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DXyzqATEDPSgC%26pg%3DPA57%26dq%3DIslam%2Bghosts%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DIslam%2520ghosts%26f%3Dfalse&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09497-0&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-83"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Ian Cunnison (1958). "Giraffe hunting among the Humr tribe". <i>Sudan Notes and Records</i> <b>39</b>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.atitle=Giraffe+hunting+among+the+Humr+tribe&rft.au=Ian+Cunnison&rft.aulast=Ian+Cunnison&rft.date=1958&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Notes+and+Records&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=39"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-84"> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://www.cracked.com/article/81_6-animals-that-can-get-you-high/" rel="nofollow">http://www.cracked.com/article/81_6-animals-that-can-get-you-high/</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-85"> <span class="reference-text">Paul Chambers (2006) <i>The Cock Lane Ghost</i>. London, Sutton: 61-2</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ref88muliq-86"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Ramchandani, Indu (2000). Hoiberg, Dale, ed. <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Kpd9lLY_0-IC" rel="nofollow"><i>Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1–5</i></a>. Popular Prakashan, 2000. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5">978-0-85229-760-5</a>. "<i>...
Bhut also spelt bhoot, in Hindu mythology, a restless ghost. Bhuts are
believed to be malignant if they have died a violent of premature death
or have been denied funerary rites ...</i>"</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.aulast=Ramchandani%2C+Indu&rft.au=Ramchandani%2C+Indu&rft.btitle=Students%27+Britannica+India%2C+Volumes+1%E2%80%935&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpd9lLY_0-IC&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-760-5&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan%2C+2000&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-87"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Westervelt, William Drake (1985). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=hVd46sXgkSAC" rel="nofollow"><i>Hawaiian Legends of Ghosts and Ghost-Gods</i></a>. Forgotten Books. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-60506-964-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-60506-964-7">1-60506-964-7</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.aulast=Westervelt%2C+William+Drake&rft.au=Westervelt%2C+William+Drake&rft.btitle=Hawaiian+Legends+of+Ghosts+and+Ghost-Gods&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DhVd46sXgkSAC&rft.isbn=1-60506-964-7&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-mincul-88"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www1.chinaculture.org/gb/en_chinaway/2004-03/17/content_46337.htm" rel="nofollow">"Chinese Ghost Culture"</a>. Ministry of Culture, P.R.China<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.btitle=Chinese+Ghost+Culture&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.chinaculture.org%2Fgb%2Fen_chinaway%2F2004-03%2F17%2Fcontent_46337.htm&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Culture%2C+P.R.China&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-89"> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://board.postjung.com/m/514876.html" rel="nofollow">Ghosts of Thai folklore</a>. Board.postjung.com. Retrieved on 2013-03-21.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-90"> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.thaighosts.net/ghost/phi-krahang?page=2" rel="nofollow">Phi Krahang</a>. Thaighosts.net. Retrieved on 2013-03-21.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-91"> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://i268.photobucket.com/albums/jj21/panyathai143/DSC01886_resize.jpg" rel="nofollow">Movie poster showing Thai ghosts Krahang and Krasue with Count Dracula</a>. photobucket.com</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-92"> <span class="reference-text">'Ghosts and Spirits of Lan Na (Northern Thailand', in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, <i>Ancient Chiang Mai</i> Volume 4. Chiang Mai ,Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006J541LE</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-93"> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.thaiworldview.com/bouddha/animism5.htm" rel="nofollow">Spirits</a>. Thaiworldview.com. Retrieved on 2013-03-21.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-94"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Conze, Edward (1993). <i>A Short History of Buddhism</i> (2 ed.). Oxford: Oneworld.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.au=Conze%2C+Edward&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.aulast=Conze&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Buddhism&rft.date=1993&rft.edition=2&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oneworld&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-95"> <span class="reference-text">Newport F,
Strausberg M. 2001. "Americans' belief in psychic and paranormal
phenomena is up over last decade", Gallup Poll News Service. 8 June<a class="external text" href="http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind04/c7/c7s2.htm#c7s2l5" rel="nofollow">"Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding-Public Knowledge About S&T: Belief in Pseudoscience"</a>, Chapter 7 of <i>Science and Engineering Indicators 2004</i>, National Science Board, National Science Foundation; <i>Science and Engineering Indicators 2006</i>, National Science Board, National Science Foundation.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-gallup-96"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Lyons, Linda (July 12, 2005). <a class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/17275/onethird-americans-believe-dearly-may-departed.aspx" rel="nofollow">"One-Third of Americans Believe Dearly May Not Have Departed"</a>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gallup_Organization#Gallup_Poll" title="The Gallup Organization">Gallup Polls</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-11-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.au=Lyons%2C+Linda&rft.btitle=One-Third+of+Americans+Believe+Dearly+May+Not+Have+Departed&rft.date=July+12%2C+2005&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F17275%2Fonethird-americans-believe-dearly-may-departed.aspx&rft.pub=%27%27Gallup+Polls%27%27&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-97"> <span class="reference-text">Ann Jones & Peter Stallybrass, <i>Renaissance Clothing and the Materials of Memory</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2000.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-98"> <span class="reference-text">Helen Child Sargent & George Lyman Kittredge, <i>English and Scottish Popular Ballads edited from the Collection by Francis James Child</i>, Houghton Mifflin: New York, 1904.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Newman.2C_pg._135-99"> <span class="reference-text">Newman, Kim (ed.) <i>BFI Companion to Horror</i>, Cassell: London, 1996, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/030433216X">ISBN 030433216X</a>, p. 135.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-sleepyhollow-100"> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=sleepyhollow.htm" rel="nofollow">Sleepy Hollow</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a>. Retrieved 29 January 2009.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-101"> <span class="reference-text">James, M. R. "Some Remarks on Ghost Stories", The Bookman, December 1929.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-102"> <span class="reference-text">Cameron, George Frederick (1889) <a class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/details/cihm_06551" rel="nofollow">Leo, the Royal cadet</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-103"> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, Olive Dame and Sharp, Cecil James <i>English Folk Songs From The Southern Appalachians</i>, G. Putnam's Sons: New York, 1917</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-104"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Chanko, Kenneth M. (August 8, 1993). <a class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE3DE1339F93BA3575BC0A965958260" rel="nofollow">"FILM; When It Comes to the Hereafter, Romance and Sentiment Rule"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-01-29</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.atitle=FILM%3B+When+It+Comes+to+the+Hereafter%2C+Romance+and+Sentiment+Rule&rft.au=Chanko%2C+Kenneth+M.&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft.aulast=Chanko&rft.date=August+8%2C+1993&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9F0CE3DE1339F93BA3575BC0A965958260&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-105"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Rafferty, Terence (June 8, 2003). <a class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01E1D61330F93BA35755C0A9659C8B63" rel="nofollow">"Why Asian Ghost Stories Are the Best"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-01-29</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.atitle=Why+Asian+Ghost+Stories+Are+the+Best&rft.aufirst=Terence&rft.aulast=Rafferty&rft.au=Rafferty%2C+Terence&rft.date=June+8%2C+2003&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9E01E1D61330F93BA35755C0A9659C8B63&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-behind-106"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Mohamed, Shoaib (September 24, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-articles/movies-06/24-09-07-rajini.html" rel="nofollow">"The Bus Conductor Turned Superstar Who Took the Right Bus to Demi"</a>. <i>Behindwoods</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-17</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.atitle=The+Bus+Conductor+Turned+Superstar+Who+Took+the+Right+Bus+to+Demi&rft.aulast=Mohamed%2C+Shoaib&rft.au=Mohamed%2C+Shoaib&rft.date=September+24%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.behindwoods.com%2Ftamil-movie-articles%2Fmovies-06%2F24-09-07-rajini.html&rft.jtitle=Behindwoods&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-anjaane-107"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/7199/index.html" rel="nofollow">"Anjaane – The Unknown"</a>. <i>Indiafm.com</i>. December 30, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-17</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost&rft.atitle=Anjaane+%E2%80%93+The+Unknown&rft.date=December+30%2C+2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bollywoodhungama.com%2Fmovies%2Freview%2F7199%2Findex.html&rft.jtitle=Indiafm.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-108"> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Gary Gutting ed., <i>The Cambridge Companion to Foucault</i> (2003) p. 235</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-109"> <span class="reference-text">C. G. Jung, <i>Two Essays on Analytical Psychology</i> (London 1953) p. 197</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-110"> <span class="reference-text">Nick Harkaway, <i>The Gone-Away World</i> (2008) p. 380</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-111"> <span class="reference-text">Michael Parsons, <i>The Dove that Returns, the Dove that Vanishes</i> (2000) p. 83-4</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h2>
<ul>
<li>Finucane, R. C., <i>Appearances of the Dead: A Cultural History of Ghosts</i>, Prometheus Books, 1984, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879752386">ISBN 0879752386</a>.</li>
<li>Hervey, Sheila, <i>Some Canadian Ghosts</i>, in series, <i>Original Canadian Pocket Book[s],</i> Richmond Hill, Ont.: Pocket Books, 1973, SBN 671-78629-6</li>
<li>Hole, Christina, <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=x_LWAAAAMAAJ" rel="nofollow"><i>Haunted England</i></a>, Batsford: London, 1950.</li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<div class="refbegin">
<ul>
<li>Fairly, John & Welfare, Simon, <i>Arthur C. Clarke's World of Strange Powers</i>, Putnam: New York, 1985.</li>
<li>Felton, D., <i>Haunted Greece and Rome: Ghost Stories From Classical Antiquity</i>, University of Texas Press, 1999.</li>
<li>Johnston, Sarah Iles, <i>Restless Dead: Encounters Between the Living and the Dead in Ancient Greece</i>, University of California Press, 1999.</li>
<li>MacKenzie, Andrew, <i>Apparitions and Ghosts</i>, Arthur Barker, 1971.</li>
<li>Moreman, Christopher, <i>Beyond the Threshold: Afterlife Beliefs and Experiences in World Religions</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, 2008.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" data-file-height="355" data-file-width="300" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="34" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: <i><b><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ghosts" title="q:Ghosts">Ghosts</a></b></i></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" data-file-height="1089" data-file-width="1000" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="37" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ghost" title="wiktionary:ghost">ghost</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.fairytalechannel.org/2009_11_03_archive.html" rel="nofollow">"Ghost Theory" of 18th century German theologian Johan Ernst Schubert and a list of vernacular house spirits and ghosts</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/historical-ghost-stories" rel="nofollow">Historical Ghost Stories</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
musaboudiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13477206910109338234noreply@blogger.com0